Image decoding method for chroma component and device therefor

ABSTRACT

An image decoding method performed by a decoding device, according to the present document, comprises the steps of: deriving a chroma quantization parameter table on the basis of quantization parameter data; deriving a quantization parameter for combined chroma coding on the basis of the chroma quantization parameter table; deriving prediction samples of a current chroma block on the basis of prediction information; deriving transform coefficients of the current chroma block on the basis of residual information; deriving residual samples by dequantizing the transform coefficients on the basis of the quantization parameter; and generating a reconstructed picture on the basis of the prediction samples and the residual samples.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. Application No. 17/546,599, filed on Dec. 9, 2021, which is a continuation pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of International Application PCT/KR2020/007559, with an international filing date of Jun. 11, 2020, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Pat. Application No. 62/860,235, filed on Jun. 11, 2019, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE Field of the Disclosure

This document relates to an image coding technology and, more particularly, to an image decoding method of coding image information based on chroma quantization parameter data signaled through a high level syntax in an image coding system and an apparatus thereof.

Related Art

Recently, demand for high-resolution, high-quality images, such as High Definition (HD) images and Ultra High Definition (UHD) images, has been increasing in various fields. As the image data has high resolution and high quality, the amount of information or bits to be transmitted increases relative to the legacy image data. Therefore, when image data is transmitted using a medium such as a conventional wired/wireless broadband line or image data is stored using an existing storage medium, the transmission cost and the storage cost thereof are increased.

Accordingly, there is a need for a highly efficient image compression technique for effectively transmitting, storing, and reproducing information of high-resolution and high-quality images

SUMMARY

A technical object of the present disclosure is to provide a method and apparatus for improving image coding efficiency.

Another object of this document is to provide a method and apparatus for improving efficiency of data coding for quantization parameter derivation for a chroma component.

According to an embodiment of this document, there is provided an image decoding method performed by a decoding apparatus. The method includes obtaining image information including prediction information and residual information for a current chroma block, and a flag representing whether quantization parameter data for combined chroma coding is present, based on a chroma type, obtaining the quantization parameter data for the combined chroma coding based on the flag, deriving a chroma quantization parameter table based on the quantization parameter data, deriving a quantization parameter for the combined chroma coding based on the chroma quantization parameter table, deriving prediction samples of the current chroma block based on the prediction information, deriving transform coefficients of the current chroma block based on the residual information, deriving residual samples by dequantizing the transform coefficients based on the quantization parameter, and generating a reconstructed picture based on the prediction samples and the residual samples, wherein the quantization parameter data includes a syntax element representing a starting index of the chroma quantization parameter table and a syntax element representing a difference between the starting index and a last index.

According to another embodiment of this document, there is provided a decoding apparatus performing image decoding. The decoding apparatus includes an entropy decoder configured to obtain image information including prediction information and residual information for a current chroma block and a flag representing whether quantization parameter data for combined chroma coding is present, based on a chroma type and to obtain the quantization parameter data for the combined chroma coding based on the flag, a predictor configured to derive prediction samples of the current chroma block based on the prediction information, a residual processor configured to derive a chroma quantization parameter table based on the quantization parameter data, to derive a quantization parameter for the combined chroma coding based on the chroma quantization parameter table, to derive transform coefficients of the current chroma block based on the residual information, to derive residual samples by dequantizing the transform coefficients based on the quantization parameter, and an adder configured to generate a reconstructed picture based on the prediction samples and the residual samples, wherein the quantization parameter data includes a syntax element representing a starting index of the chroma quantization parameter table and a syntax element representing a difference between the starting index and a last index.

According to still another embodiment of this document, there is provided a video encoding method performed by an encoding apparatus. The method includes deriving prediction samples of a current chroma block based on inter prediction or intra prediction, deriving residual samples of the current chroma block based on the prediction samples, generating quantization parameter data for combined chroma coding of the residual samples based on a chroma type of the current chroma block, generating a flag representing whether the quantization parameter data for the combined chroma coding is present, and encoding image information including prediction information and residual information for the current chroma block, the quantization parameter data and the flag, wherein the quantization parameter data includes a syntax element representing a starting index of a quantization parameter table for the combined chroma coding and a syntax element representing a difference between the starting index and last index of the quantization parameter table.

According to still another embodiment of this document, there is provided a video encoding apparatus. The encoding apparatus includes a predictor configured to derive prediction samples of a current chroma block based on inter prediction or intra prediction, a subtractor configured to derive residual samples of the current chroma block based on the prediction samples, a residual processor configured to generate quantization parameter data for combined chroma coding of the residual samples based on a chroma type of the current chroma block and to generate a flag representing whether the quantization parameter data for the combined chroma coding is present, and an entropy encoder configured to encode image information including prediction information and residual information for the current chroma block, the quantization parameter data and the flag, wherein the quantization parameter data includes a syntax element representing a starting index of a quantization parameter table for the combined chroma coding and a syntax element representing a difference between the starting index and last index of the quantization parameter table.

ADVANTAGEOUS EFFECTS

According to the present disclosure, a quantization parameter table for quantization parameter derivation can be determined based on a flag representing whether quantization parameter data for deriving a quantization parameter for a chroma component has been transmitted, and coding efficiency can be improved by performing coding based on a quantization parameter according to characteristics of an image.

According to the present disclosure, a quantization parameter table for a chroma component can be determined based on signaled chroma quantization data, and coding efficiency can be improved by performing coding based on a quantization parameter according to characteristics of an image.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 briefly illustrates an example of a video/image coding device to which embodiments of the present disclosure are applicable.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating a configuration of a video/image encoding apparatus to which the embodiment(s) of the present disclosure may be applied.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating a configuration of a video/image decoding apparatus to which the embodiment(s) of the present disclosure may be applied.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example of an inter prediction-based video/image encoding method.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example of an inter prediction-based video/image decoding method.

FIG. 6 schematically shows an inter prediction procedure.

FIG. 7 schematically shows an image encoding method by an encoding apparatus according to the present document.

FIG. 8 schematically shows an encoding apparatus for performing an image encoding method according to this document.

FIG. 9 schematically shows an image decoding method by a decoding apparatus according to this document.

FIG. 10 schematically shows a decoding apparatus for performing an image decoding method according to this document.

FIG. 11 illustrates a structural diagram of a contents streaming system to which the present disclosure is applied.

DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

The present disclosure may be modified in various forms, and specific embodiments thereof will be described and illustrated in the drawings. However, the embodiments are not intended for limiting the disclosure. The terms used in the following description are used to merely describe specific embodiments but are not intended to limit the disclosure. An expression of a singular number includes an expression of the plural number, so long as it is clearly read differently. The terms such as “include” and “have” are intended to indicate that features, numbers, steps, operations, elements, components, or combinations thereof used in the following description exist and it should be thus understood that the possibility of existence or addition of one or more different features, numbers, steps, operations, elements, components, or combinations thereof is not excluded.

Meanwhile, elements in the drawings described in the disclosure are independently drawn for the purpose of convenience for explanation of different specific functions, and do not mean that the elements are embodied by independent hardware or independent software. For example, two or more elements of the elements may be combined to form a single element, or one element may be partitioned into plural elements. The embodiments in which the elements are combined and/or partitioned belong to the disclosure without departing from the concept of the disclosure.

Hereinafter, embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. In addition, like reference numerals are used to indicate like elements throughout the drawings, and the same descriptions on the like elements will be omitted.

FIG. 1 briefly illustrates an example of a video/image coding device to which embodiments of the present disclosure are applicable.

Referring to FIG. 1 , a video/image coding system may include a first device (source device) and a second device (receiving device). The source device may deliver encoded video/image information or data in the form of a file or streaming to the receiving device via a digital storage medium or network.

The source device may include a video source, an encoding apparatus, and a transmitter. The receiving device may include a receiver, a decoding apparatus, and a renderer. The encoding apparatus may be called a video/image encoding apparatus, and the decoding apparatus may be called a video/image decoding apparatus. The transmitter may be included in the encoding apparatus. The receiver may be included in the decoding apparatus. The renderer may include a display, and the display may be configured as a separate device or an external component.

The video source may acquire video/image through a process of capturing, synthesizing, or generating the video/image. The video source may include a video/image capture device and/or a video/image generating device. The video/image capture device may include, for example, one or more cameras, video/image archives including previously captured video/images, and the like. The video/image generating device may include, for example, computers, tablets and smartphones, and may (electronically) generate video/images. For example, a virtual video/image may be generated through a computer or the like. In this case, the video/image capturing process may be replaced by a process of generating related data.

The encoding apparatus may encode input image/image. The encoding apparatus may perform a series of procedures such as prediction, transform, and quantization for compression and coding efficiency. The encoded data (encoded video/image information) may be output in the form of a bit stream.

The transmitter may transmit the encoded image/image information or data output in the form of a bit stream to the receiver of the receiving device through a digital storage medium or a network in the form of a file or streaming. The digital storage medium may include various storage mediums such as USB, SD, CD, DVD, Blu-ray, HDD, SSD, and the like. The transmitter may include an element for generating a media file through a predetermined file format and may include an element for transmission through a broadcast/communication network. The receiver may receive/extract the bit stream and transmit the received bit stream to the decoding apparatus.

The decoding apparatus may decode the video/image by performing a series of procedures such as dequantization, inverse transform, and prediction corresponding to the operation of the encoding apparatus.

The renderer may render the decoded video/image. The rendered video/image may be displayed through the display.

Present disclosure relates to video/image coding. For example, the methods/embodiments disclosed in the present disclosure may be applied to a method disclosed in the versatile video coding (VVC), the EVC (essential video coding) standard, the AOMedia Video 1 (AV1) standard, the 2nd generation of audio video coding standard (AVS2), or the next generation video/image coding standard (e.g., H.267 or H.268, etc.).

Present disclosure presents various embodiments of video/image coding, and the embodiments may be performed in combination with each other unless otherwise mentioned.

In the present disclosure, video may refer to a series of images over time. Picture generally refers to a unit representing one image in a specific time zone, and a subpicture/slice/tile is a unit constituting part of a picture in coding. The subpicture/slice/tile may include one or more coding tree units (CTUs). One picture may consist of one or more subpictures/slices/tiles. One picture may consist of one or more tile groups. One tile group may include one or more tiles. A brick may represent a rectangular region of CTU rows within a tile in a picture. A tile may be partitioned into multiple bricks, each of which consisting of one or more CTU rows within the tile. A tile that is not partitioned into multiple bricks may be also referred to as a brick. A brick scan is a specific sequential ordering of CTUs partitioning a picture in which the CTUs are ordered consecutively in CTU raster scan in a brick, bricks within a tile are ordered consecutively in a raster scan of the bricks of the tile, and tiles in a picture are ordered consecutively in a raster scan of the tiles of the picture. In addition, a subpicture may represent a rectangular region of one or more slices within a picture. That is, a subpicture contains one or more slices that collectively cover a rectangular region of a picture. A tile is a rectangular region of CTUs within a particular tile column and a particular tile row in a picture. The tile column is a rectangular region of CTUs having a height equal to the height of the picture and a width specified by syntax elements in the picture parameter set. The tile row is a rectangular region of CTUs having a height specified by syntax elements in the picture parameter set and a width equal to the width of the picture. A tile scan is a specific sequential ordering of CTUs partitioning a picture in which the CTUs are ordered consecutively in CTU raster scan in a tile whereas tiles in a picture are ordered consecutively in a raster scan of the tiles of the picture. A slice includes an integer number of bricks of a picture that may be exclusively contained in a single NAL unit. A slice may consist of either a number of complete tiles or only a consecutive sequence of complete bricks of one tile. Tile groups and slices may be used interchangeably in the present disclosure. For example, in the present disclosure, a tile group/tile group header may be called a slice/slice header.

A pixel or a pel may mean a smallest unit constituting one picture (or image). Also, ‘sample’ may be used as a term corresponding to a pixel. A sample may generally represent a pixel or a value of a pixel, and may represent only a pixel/pixel value of a luma component or only a pixel/pixel value of a chroma component.

A unit may represent a basic unit of image processing. The unit may include at least one of a specific region of the picture and information related to the region. One unit may include one luma block and two chroma (e.g., cb, cr) blocks. The unit may be used interchangeably with terms such as block or area in some cases. In a general case, an M×N block may include samples (or sample arrays) or a set (or array) of transform coefficients of M columns and N rows.

In the present description, “A or B” may mean “only A”, “only B” or “both A and B”. In other words, in the present specification, “A or B” may be interpreted as “A and/or B”. For example, “A, B or C” herein means “only A”, “only B”, “only C”, or “any and any combination of A, B and C”.

A slash (/) or a comma (comma) used in the present description may mean “and/or”. For example, “A/B” may mean “A and/or B”. Accordingly, “A/B” may mean “only A”, “only B”, or “both A and B”. For example, “A, B, C” may mean “A, B, or C”.

In the present description, “at least one of A and B” may mean “only A”, “only B”, or “both A and B”. In addition, in the present description, the expression “at least one of A or B” or “at least one of A and/or B” may be interpreted the same as “at least one of A and B”.

In addition, in the present description, “at least one of A, B and C” means “only A”, “only B”, “only C”, or “any combination of A, B and C”. Also, “at least one of A, B or C” or “at least one of A, B and/or C” may mean “at least one of A, B and C”.

In addition, parentheses used in the present description may mean “for example”. Specifically, when “prediction (intra prediction)” is indicated, “intra prediction” may be proposed as an example of “prediction”. In other words, “prediction” in the present description is not limited to “intra prediction”, and “intra prediction” may be proposed as an example of “prediction”. Also, even when “prediction (i.e., intra prediction)” is indicated, “intra prediction” may be proposed as an example of “prediction”.

In the present description, technical features that are individually described within one drawing may be implemented individually or may be implemented at the same time.

The following drawings were created to explain a specific example of the present description. Since the names of specific devices described in the drawings or the names of specific signals/messages/fields are presented by way of example, the technical features of the present description are not limited to the specific names used in the following drawings.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating a configuration of a video/image encoding apparatus to which the embodiment(s) of the present disclosure may be applied. Hereinafter, the video encoding apparatus may include an image encoding apparatus.

Referring to FIG. 2 , the encoding apparatus 200 includes an image partitioner 210, a predictor 220, a residual processor 230, and an entropy encoder 240, an adder 250, a filter 260, and a memory 270. The predictor 220 may include an inter predictor 221 and an intra predictor 222. The residual processor 230 may include a transformer 232, a quantizer 233, a dequantizer 234, and an inverse transformer 235. The residual processor 230 may further include a subtractor 231. The adder 250 may be called a reconstructor or a reconstructed block generator. The image partitioner 210, the predictor 220, the residual processor 230, the entropy encoder 240, the adder 250, and the filter 260 may be configured by at least one hardware component (e.g., an encoder chipset or processor) according to an embodiment. In addition, the memory 270 may include a decoded picture buffer (DPB) or may be configured by a digital storage medium. The hardware component may further include the memory 270 as an internal/extemal component.

The image partitioner 210 may partition an input image (or a picture or a frame) input to the encoding apparatus 200 into one or more processors. For example, the processor may be called a coding unit (CU). In this case, the coding unit may be recursively partitioned according to a quad-tree binary-tree ternary-tree (QTBTTT) structure from a coding tree unit (CTU) or a largest coding unit (LCU). For example, one coding unit may be partitioned into a plurality of coding units of a deeper depth based on a quad tree structure, a binary tree structure, and/or a ternary structure. In this case, for example, the quad tree structure may be applied first and the binary tree structure and/or ternary structure may be applied later. Alternatively, the binary tree structure may be applied first. The coding procedure according to the present disclosure may be performed based on the final coding unit that is no longer partitioned. In this case, the largest coding unit may be used as the final coding unit based on coding efficiency according to image characteristics, or if necessary, the coding unit may be recursively partitioned into coding units of deeper depth and a coding unit having an optimal size may be used as the final coding unit. Here, the coding procedure may include a procedure of prediction, transform, and reconstruction, which will be described later. As another example, the processor may further include a prediction unit (PU) or a transform unit (TU). In this case, the prediction unit and the transform unit may be split or partitioned from the aforementioned final coding unit. The prediction unit may be a unit of sample prediction, and the transform unit may be a unit for deriving a transform coefficient and/or a unit for deriving a residual signal from the transform coefficient.

The unit may be used interchangeably with terms such as block or area in some cases. In a general case, an M×N block may represent a set of samples or transform coefficients composed of M columns and N rows. A sample may generally represent a pixel or a value of a pixel, may represent only a pixel/pixel value of a luma component or represent only a pixel/pixel value of a chroma component. A sample may be used as a term corresponding to one picture (or image) for a pixel or a pel.

In the encoding apparatus 200, a prediction signal (predicted block, prediction sample array) output from the inter predictor 221 or the intra predictor 222 is subtracted from an input image signal (original block, original sample array) to generate a residual signal residual block, residual sample array), and the generated residual signal is transmitted to the transformer 232. In this case, as shown, a unit for subtracting a prediction signal (predicted block, prediction sample array) from the input image signal (original block, original sample array) in the encoder 200 may be called a subtractor 231. The predictor may perform prediction on a block to be processed (hereinafter, referred to as a current block) and generate a predicted block including prediction samples for the current block. The predictor may determine whether intra prediction or inter prediction is applied on a current block or CU basis. As described later in the description of each prediction mode, the predictor may generate various information related to prediction, such as prediction mode information, and transmit the generated information to the entropy encoder 240. The information on the prediction may be encoded in the entropy encoder 240 and output in the form of a bit stream.

The intra predictor 222 may predict the current block by referring to the samples in the current picture. The referred samples may be located in the neighborhood of the current block or may be located apart according to the prediction mode. In the intra prediction, prediction modes may include a plurality of non-directional modes and a plurality of directional modes. The non-directional mode may include, for example, a DC mode and a planar mode. The directional mode may include, for example, 33 directional prediction modes or 65 directional prediction modes according to the degree of detail of the prediction direction. However, this is merely an example, more or less directional prediction modes may be used depending on a setting. The intra predictor 222 may determine the prediction mode applied to the current block by using a prediction mode applied to a neighboring block.

The inter predictor 221 may derive a predicted block for the current block based on a reference block (reference sample array) specified by a motion vector on a reference picture. Here, in order to reduce the amount of motion information transmitted in the inter prediction mode, the motion information may be predicted in units of blocks, sub-blocks, or samples based on correlation of motion information between the neighboring block and the current block. The motion information may include a motion vector and a reference picture index. The motion information may further include inter prediction direction (L0 prediction, L1 prediction, Bi prediction, etc.) information. In the case of inter prediction, the neighboring block may include a spatial neighboring block present in the current picture and a temporal neighboring block present in the reference picture. The reference picture including the reference block and the reference picture including the temporal neighboring block may be the same or different. The temporal neighboring block may be called a collocated reference block, a co-located CU (colCU), and the like, and the reference picture including the temporal neighboring block may be called a collocated picture (colPic). For example, the inter predictor 221 may configure a motion information candidate list based on neighboring blocks and generate information indicating which candidate is used to derive a motion vector and/or a reference picture index of the current block. Inter prediction may be performed based on various prediction modes. For example, in the case of a skip mode and a merge mode, the inter predictor 221 may use motion information of the neighboring block as motion information of the current block. In the skip mode, unlike the merge mode, the residual signal may not be transmitted. In the case of the motion vector prediction (MVP) mode, the motion vector of the neighboring block may be used as a motion vector predictor and the motion vector of the current block may be indicated by signaling a motion vector difference.

The predictor 220 may generate a prediction signal based on various prediction methods described below. For example, the predictor may not only apply intra prediction or inter prediction to predict one block but also simultaneously apply both intra prediction and inter prediction. This may be called combined inter and intra prediction (CIIP). In addition, the predictor may be based on an intra block copy (IBC) prediction mode or a palette mode for prediction of a block. The IBC prediction mode or palette mode may be used for content image/video coding of a game or the like, for example, screen content coding (SCC). The IBC basically performs prediction in the current picture but may be performed similarly to inter prediction in that a reference block is derived in the current picture. That is, the IBC may use at least one of the inter prediction techniques described in the present disclosure. The palette mode may be considered as an example of intra coding or intra prediction. When the palette mode is applied, a sample value within a picture may be signaled based on information on the palette table and the palette index.

The prediction signal generated by the predictor (including the inter predictor 221 and/or the intra predictor 222) may be used to generate a reconstructed signal or to generate a residual signal. The transformer 232 may generate transform coefficients by applying a transform technique to the residual signal. For example, the transform technique may include at least one of a discrete cosine transform (DCT), a discrete sine transform (DST), a Karhunen-loève transform (KLT), a graph-based transform (GBT), or a conditionally non-linear transform (CNT). Here, the GBT means transform obtained from a graph when relationship information between pixels is represented by the graph. The CNT refers to transform generated based on a prediction signal generated using all previously reconstructed pixels. In addition, the transform process may be applied to square pixel blocks having the same size or may be applied to blocks having a variable size rather than square.

The quantizer 233 may quantize the transform coefficients and transmit them to the entropy encoder 240 and the entropy encoder 240 may encode the quantized signal (information on the quantized transform coefficients) and output a bit stream. The information on the quantized transform coefficients may be referred to as residual information. The quantizer 233 may rearrange block type quantized transform coefficients into a one-dimensional vector form based on a coefficient scanning order and generate information on the quantized transform coefficients based on the quantized transform coefficients in the one-dimensional vector form. Information on transform coefficients may be generated. The entropy encoder 240 may perform various encoding methods such as, for example, exponential Golomb, context-adaptive variable length coding (CAVLC), context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC), and the like. The entropy encoder 240 may encode information necessary for video/image reconstruction other than quantized transform coefficients (e.g., values of syntax elements, etc.) together or separately. Encoded information (e.g., encoded video/image information) may be transmitted or stored in units of NALs (network abstraction layer) in the form of a bit stream. The video/image information may further include information on various parameter sets such as an adaptation parameter set (APS), a picture parameter set (PPS), a sequence parameter set (SPS), or a video parameter set (VPS). In addition, the video/image information may further include general constraint information. In the present disclosure, information and/or syntax elements transmitted/signaled from the encoding apparatus to the decoding apparatus may be included in video/picture information. The video/image information may be encoded through the above-described encoding procedure and included in the bit stream. The bit stream may be transmitted over a network or may be stored in a digital storage medium. The network may include a broadcasting network and/or a communication network, and the digital storage medium may include various storage media such as USB, SD, CD, DVD, Blu-ray, HDD, SSD, and the like. A transmitter (not shown) transmitting a signal output from the entropy encoder 240 and/or a storage unit (not shown) storing the signal may be included as internal/extemal element of the encoding apparatus 200, and alternatively, the transmitter may be included in the entropy encoder 240.

The quantized transform coefficients output from the quantizer 233 may be used to generate a prediction signal. For example, the residual signal (residual block or residual samples) may be reconstructed by applying dequantization and inverse transform to the quantized transform coefficients through the dequantizer 234 and the inverse transformer 235. The adder 250 adds the reconstructed residual signal to the prediction signal output from the inter predictor 221 or the intra predictor 222 to generate a reconstructed signal (reconstructed picture, reconstructed block, reconstructed sample array). If there is no residual for the block to be processed, such as a case where the skip mode is applied, the predicted block may be used as the reconstructed block. The adder 250 may be called a reconstructor or a reconstructed block generator. The generated reconstructed signal may be used for intra prediction of a next block to be processed in the current picture and may be used for inter prediction of a next picture through filtering as described below.

Meanwhile, luma mapping with chroma scaling (LMCS) may be applied during picture encoding and/or reconstruction.

The filter 260 may improve subjective/objective image quality by applying filtering to the reconstructed signal. For example, the filter 260 may generate a modified reconstructed picture by applying various filtering methods to the reconstructed picture and store the modified reconstructed picture in the memory 270, specifically, a DPB of the memory 270. The various filtering methods may include, for example, deblocking filtering, a sample adaptive offset, an adaptive loop filter, a bilateral filter, and the like. The filter 260 may generate various information related to the filtering and transmit the generated information to the entropy encoder 240 as described later in the description of each filtering method. The information related to the filtering may be encoded by the entropy encoder 240 and output in the form of a bit stream.

The modified reconstructed picture transmitted to the memory 270 may be used as the reference picture in the inter predictor 221. When the inter prediction is applied through the encoding apparatus, prediction mismatch between the encoding apparatus 200 and the decoding apparatus 300 may be avoided and encoding efficiency may be improved.

The DPB of the memory 270 DPB may store the modified reconstructed picture for use as a reference picture in the inter predictor 221. The memory 270 may store the motion information of the block from which the motion information in the current picture is derived (or encoded) and/or the motion information of the blocks in the picture that have already been reconstructed. The stored motion information may be transmitted to the inter predictor 221 and used as the motion information of the spatial neighboring block or the motion information of the temporal neighboring block. The memory 270 may store reconstructed samples of reconstructed blocks in the current picture and may transfer the reconstructed samples to the intra predictor 222.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating a configuration of a video/image decoding apparatus to which the embodiment(s) of the present disclosure may be applied.

Referring to FIG. 3 , the decoding apparatus 300 may include an entropy decoder 310, a residual processor 320, a predictor 330, an adder 340, a filter 350, and a memory 360. The predictor 330 may include an inter predictor 331 and an intra predictor 332. The residual processor 320 may include a dequantizer 321 and an inverse transformer 322. The entropy decoder 310, the residual processor 320, the predictor 330, the adder 340, and the filter 350 may be configured by a hardware component (e.g., a decoder chipset or a processor) according to an embodiment. In addition, the memory 360 may include a decoded picture buffer (DPB) or may be configured by a digital storage medium. The hardware component may further include the memory 360 as an internal/external component.

When a bit stream including video/image information is input, the decoding apparatus 300 may reconstruct an image corresponding to a process in which the video/image information is processed in the encoding apparatus of FIG. 2 . For example, the decoding apparatus 300 may derive units/blocks based on block partition related information obtained from the bit stream. The decoding apparatus 300 may perform decoding using a processor applied in the encoding apparatus. Thus, the processor of decoding may be a coding unit, for example, and the coding unit may be partitioned according to a quad tree structure, binary tree structure and/or ternary tree structure from the coding tree unit or the largest coding unit. One or more transform units may be derived from the coding unit. The reconstructed image signal decoded and output through the decoding apparatus 300 may be reproduced through a reproducing apparatus.

The decoding apparatus 300 may receive a signal output from the encoding apparatus of FIG. 2 in the form of a bit stream, and the received signal may be decoded through the entropy decoder 310. For example, the entropy decoder 310 may parse the bit stream to derive information (e.g., video/image information) necessary for image reconstruction (or picture reconstruction). The video/image information may further include information on various parameter sets such as an adaptation parameter set (APS), a picture parameter set (PPS), a sequence parameter set (SPS), or a video parameter set (VPS). In addition, the video/image information may further include general constraint information. The decoding apparatus may further decode picture based on the information on the parameter set and/or the general constraint information. Signaled/received information and/or syntax elements described later in the present disclosure may be decoded may decode the decoding procedure and obtained from the bit stream. For example, the entropy decoder 310 decodes the information in the bit stream based on a coding method such as exponential Golomb coding, CAVLC, or CABAC, and output syntax elements required for image reconstruction and quantized values of transform coefficients for residual. More specifically, the CABAC entropy decoding method may receive a bin corresponding to each syntax element in the bit stream, determine a context model using a decoding target syntax element information, decoding information of a decoding target block or information of a symbol/bin decoded in a previous stage, and perform an arithmetic decoding on the bin by predicting a probability of occurrence of a bin according to the determined context model, and generate a symbol corresponding to the value of each syntax element. In this case, the CABAC entropy decoding method may update the context model by using the information of the decoded symbol/bin for a context model of a next symbol/bin after determining the context model. The information related to the prediction among the information decoded by the entropy decoder 310 may be provided to the predictor (the inter predictor 332 and the intra predictor 331), and the residual value on which the entropy decoding was performed in the entropy decoder 310, that is, the quantized transform coefficients and related parameter information, may be input to the residual processor 320. The residual processor 320 may derive the residual signal (the residual block, the residual samples, the residual sample array). In addition, information on filtering among information decoded by the entropy decoder 310 may be provided to the filter 350. Meanwhile, a receiver (not shown) for receiving a signal output from the encoding apparatus may be further configured as an internal/extemal element of the decoding apparatus 300, or the receiver may be a component of the entropy decoder 310. Meanwhile, the decoding apparatus according to the present disclosure may be referred to as a video/image/picture decoding apparatus, and the decoding apparatus may be classified into an information decoder (video/image/picture information decoder) and a sample decoder (video/image/picture sample decoder). The information decoder may include the entropy decoder 310, and the sample decoder may include at least one of the dequantizer 321, the inverse transformer 322, the adder 340, the filter 350, the memory 360, the inter predictor 332, and the intra predictor 331.

The dequantizer 321 may dequantize the quantized transform coefficients and output the transform coefficients. The dequantizer 321 may rearrange the quantized transform coefficients in the form of a two-dimensional block form. In this case, the rearrangement may be performed based on the coefficient scanning order performed in the encoding apparatus. The dequantizer 321 may perform dequantization on the quantized transform coefficients by using a quantization parameter (e.g., quantization step size information) and obtain transform coefficients.

The inverse transformer 322 inversely transforms the transform coefficients to obtain a residual signal (residual block, residual sample array).

The predictor may perform prediction on the current block and generate a predicted block including prediction samples for the current block. The predictor may determine whether intra prediction or inter prediction is applied to the current block based on the information on the prediction output from the entropy decoder 310 and may determine a specific intra/inter prediction mode.

The predictor 320 may generate a prediction signal based on various prediction methods described below. For example, the predictor may not only apply intra prediction or inter prediction to predict one block but also simultaneously apply intra prediction and inter prediction. This may be called combined inter and intra prediction (CIIP). In addition, the predictor may be based on an intra block copy (IBC) prediction mode or a palette mode for prediction of a block. The IBC prediction mode or palette mode may be used for content image/video coding of a game or the like, for example, screen content coding (SCC). The IBC basically performs prediction in the current picture but may be performed similarly to inter prediction in that a reference block is derived in the current picture. That is, the IBC may use at least one of the inter prediction techniques described in the present disclosure. The palette mode may be considered as an example of intra coding or intra prediction. When the palette mode is applied, a sample value within a picture may be signaled based on information on the palette table and the palette index.

The intra predictor 331 may predict the current block by referring to the samples in the current picture. The referred samples may be located in the neighborhood of the current block or may be located apart according to the prediction mode. In the intra prediction, prediction modes may include a plurality of non-directional modes and a plurality of directional modes. The intra predictor 331 may determine the prediction mode applied to the current block by using a prediction mode applied to a neighboring block.

The inter predictor 332 may derive a predicted block for the current block based on a reference block (reference sample array) specified by a motion vector on a reference picture. In this case, in order to reduce the amount of motion information transmitted in the inter prediction mode, motion information may be predicted in units of blocks, sub-blocks, or samples based on correlation of motion information between the neighboring block and the current block. The motion information may include a motion vector and a reference picture index. The motion information may further include inter prediction direction (L0 prediction, L1 prediction, Bi prediction, etc.) information. In the case of inter prediction, the neighboring block may include a spatial neighboring block present in the current picture and a temporal neighboring block present in the reference picture. For example, the inter predictor 332 may configure a motion information candidate list based on neighboring blocks and derive a motion vector of the current block and/or a reference picture index based on the received candidate selection information. Inter prediction may be performed based on various prediction modes, and the information on the prediction may include information indicating a mode of inter prediction for the current block.

The adder 340 may generate a reconstructed signal (reconstructed picture, reconstructed block, reconstructed sample array) by adding the obtained residual signal to the prediction signal (predicted block, predicted sample array) output from the predictor (including the inter predictor 332 and/or the intra predictor 331). If there is no residual for the block to be processed, such as when the skip mode is applied, the predicted block may be used as the reconstructed block.

The adder 340 may be called reconstructor or a reconstructed block generator. The generated reconstructed signal may be used for intra prediction of a next block to be processed in the current picture, may be output through filtering as described below, or may be used for inter prediction of a next picture.

Meanwhile, luma mapping with chroma scaling (LMCS) may be applied in the picture decoding process.

The filter 350 may improve subjective/objective image quality by applying filtering to the reconstructed signal. For example, the filter 350 may generate a modified reconstructed picture by applying various filtering methods to the reconstructed picture and store the modified reconstructed picture in the memory 360, specifically, a DPB of the memory 360. The various filtering methods may include, for example, deblocking filtering, a sample adaptive offset, an adaptive loop filter, a bilateral filter, and the like.

The (modified) reconstructed picture stored in the DPB of the memory 360 may be used as a reference picture in the inter predictor 332. The memory 360 may store the motion information of the block from which the motion information in the current picture is derived (or decoded) and/or the motion information of the blocks in the picture that have already been reconstructed. The stored motion information may be transmitted to the inter predictor 260 so as to be utilized as the motion information of the spatial neighboring block or the motion information of the temporal neighboring block. The memory 360 may store reconstructed samples of reconstructed blocks in the current picture and transfer the reconstructed samples to the intra predictor 331.

In the present disclosure, the embodiments described in the filter 260, the inter predictor 221, and the intra predictor 222 of the encoding apparatus 200 may be the same as or respectively applied to correspond to the filter 350, the inter predictor 332, and the intra predictor 331of the decoding apparatus 300. The same may also apply to the unit 332 and the intra predictor 331.

In the present disclosure, at least one of quantization/inverse quantization and/or transform/inverse transform may be omitted. When the quantization/inverse quantization is omitted, the quantized transform coefficients may be called transform coefficients. When the transform/inverse transform is omitted, the transform coefficients may be called coefficients or residual coefficients, or may still be called transform coefficients for uniformity of expression.

In the present disclosure, a quantized transform coefficient and a transform coefficient may be referred to as a transform coefficient and a scaled transform coefficient, respectively. In this case, the residual information may include information on transform coefficient(s), and the information on the transform coefficient(s) may be signaled through residual coding syntax. Transform coefficients may be derived based on the residual information (or the information on the transform coefficient(s)), and scaled transform coefficients may be derived by inverse transforming (scaling) on the transform coefficients. Residual samples may be derived based on the inverse transforming (transforming) on the scaled transform coefficients. This may be applied/expressed in other parts of the present disclosure as well.

As described above, in performing video coding, prediction is performed to improve compression efficiency. Through this, a predicted block including prediction samples for a current block as a block to be coded (i.e., a coding target block) may be generated. Here, the predicted block includes prediction samples in a spatial domain (or pixel domain). The predicted block is derived in the same manner in an encoding apparatus and a decoding apparatus, and the encoding apparatus may signal information (residual information) on residual between the original block and the predicted block, rather than an original sample value of an original block, to the decoding apparatus, thereby increasing image coding efficiency. The decoding apparatus may derive a residual block including residual samples based on the residual information, add the residual block and the predicted block to generate reconstructed blocks including reconstructed samples, and generate a reconstructed picture including the reconstructed blocks.

The residual information may be generated through a transform and quantization procedure. For example, the encoding apparatus may derive a residual block between the original block and the predicted block, perform a transform procedure on residual samples (residual sample array) included in the residual block to derive transform coefficients, perform a quantization procedure on the transform coefficients to derive quantized transform coefficients, and signal related residual information to the decoding apparatus (through a bit stream). Here, the residual information may include value information of the quantized transform coefficients, location information, a transform technique, a transform kernel, a quantization parameter, and the like. The decoding apparatus may perform dequantization/inverse transform procedure based on the residual information and derive residual samples (or residual blocks). The decoding apparatus may generate a reconstructed picture based on the predicted block and the residual block. Also, for reference for inter prediction of a picture afterward, the encoding apparatus may also dequantize/inverse-transform the quantized transform coefficients to derive a residual block and generate a reconstructed picture based thereon.

Intra prediction may refer to prediction that generates prediction samples for a current block based on reference samples in a picture to which the current block belongs (hereinafter, referred to as a current picture). When the intra prediction is applied to the current block, neighboring reference samples to be used for the intra prediction of the current block may be derived. The neighboring reference samples of the current block may include a sample adjacent to the left boundary of the current block of size nWxnH and a total of 2xnH samples adjacent to the bottom-left of the current block, a sample adjacent to the top boundary of the current block and a total of 2xnW samples adjacent to the top-right and a sample adjacent to the top-left of the current block. Alternatively, the neighboring reference samples of the current block may include a plurality of columns of top neighboring samples and a plurality of rows of left neighboring samples. In addition, the neighboring reference samples of the current block may include a total of nH samples adjacent to the right boundary of the current block of size nWxnH, a total of nW samples adjacent to the bottom boundary of the current block and a sample adjacent to the bottom-right of the current block.

However, some of the neighboring reference samples of the current block have not yet been decoded or may not be available. In this case, the decoder may construct neighboring reference samples to be used for prediction by substituting unavailable samples with available samples. Alternatively, neighboring reference samples to be used for prediction may be configured through interpolation of available samples.

When the neighboring reference samples are derived, (i) a prediction sample may be derived based on the average or interpolation of neighboring reference samples of the current block, or (ii) the prediction sample may be derived based on a reference sample existing in a specific (prediction) direction with respect to a prediction sample among the neighboring reference samples of the current block. The case of (i) may be called a non-directional mode or a non-angular mode, and the case of (ii) may be called a directional mode or an angular mode.

In addition, the prediction sample may be generated through interpolation of a first neighboring sample located in the prediction direction of the intra prediction mode of the current block based on the prediction sample of the current block and a second neighboring sample located in a direction opposite to the prediction direction among the neighboring reference samples. The above-described case may be referred to as linear interpolation intra prediction (LIP). In addition, chroma prediction samples may be generated based on the luma samples using a linear model (LM). This case may be called an LM mode or a chroma component LM (CCLM) mode.

In addition, a temporary prediction sample of the current block is derived based on the filtered neighboring reference samples, and a prediction sample of the current block may also be derived by weighted summing the temporary prediction sample and at least one reference sample derived according to the intra prediction mode among the existing neighboring reference samples, that is, unfiltered neighboring reference samples. The above-described case may be referred to as position dependent intra prediction (PDPC).

In addition, a reference sample line with the highest prediction accuracy among neighboring multiple reference sample lines of the current block is selected, and a prediction sample is derived using a reference sample located in the prediction direction in the selected line. In this case, intra prediction encoding may be performed by indicating (signaling) the used reference sample line to the decoding apparatus. The above-described case may be referred to as multi-reference line intra prediction or MRL-based intra prediction.

In addition, the current block is divided into vertical or horizontal sub-partitions and intra prediction is performed based on the same intra prediction mode, but neighboring reference samples may be derived and used in units of the sub-partitions. That is, in this case, the intra prediction mode for the current block is equally applied to the sub-partitions, but the intra prediction performance may be improved in some cases by deriving and using the neighboring reference samples in units of the sub-partitions. This prediction method may be called intra-prediction based on intra sub-partitions (ISP).

The above-described intra prediction methods may be called intra prediction types to be distinguished from the intra prediction mode. The intra prediction types may be referred to by various terms such as intra prediction technique or additional intra prediction modes. For example, the intra prediction types (or additional intra prediction modes, etc.) may include at least one of the aforementioned LIP, PDPC, MRL, and ISP. A general intra prediction method excluding a specific intra prediction type such as LIP, PDPC, MRL, and ISP may be referred to as a normal intra prediction type. The normal intra prediction type may be generally applied when the above specific intra prediction type is not applied, and prediction may be performed based on the above-described intra prediction mode. Meanwhile, if necessary, post-processing filtering may be performed on the derived prediction sample.

Specifically, the intra prediction process may include an intra prediction mode/type determination step, neighboring reference samples derivation step, and an intra prediction mode/type based prediction sample derivation step. In addition, if necessary, a post-filtering step may be performed on the derived prediction sample.

When intra prediction is applied, an intra prediction mode applied to the current block may be determined using an intra prediction mode of a neighboring block. For example, the decoding device may select one of most probable mode (MPM) candidates in the MPM list derived based on additional candidate modes and an intra prediction mode of the neighboring block (e.g., the left and/or top neighboring block) of the current block, or select one of the remaining intra prediction modes not included in the MPM candidates (and planar mode) based on the remaining intra prediction mode information. The MPM list may be configured to include or not include the planner mode as a candidate. For example, when the MPM list includes a planner mode as a candidate, the MPM list may have 6 candidates, and when the MPM list does not include a planner mode as a candidate, the MPM list may have 5 candidates. When the MPM list does not include the planar mode as a candidate, a not planar flag (e.g., intra_luma_not_planar_flag) representing whether the intra prediction mode of the current block is not the planar mode may be signaled. For example, the MPM flag may be signaled first, and the MPM index and not planner flag may be signaled when the value of the MPM flag is 1. Also, the MPM index may be signaled when the value of the not planner flag is 1. Here, the fact that the MPM list is configured not to include the planner mode as a candidate is that the planner mode is always considered as MPM rather than that the planner mode is not MPM, thus, the flag (not planar flag) is signaled first to check whether it is the planar mode.

For example, whether the intra prediction mode applied to the current block is among the MPM candidates (and the planar mode) or the remaining modes may be indicated based on the MPM flag (e.g., intra_luma_mpm_flag). The MPM flag with a value of 1 may indicate that the intra prediction mode for the current block is within MPM candidates (and planar mode), and The MPM flag with a value of 0 may indicate that the intra prediction mode for the current block is not within MPM candidates (and planar mode). The not planar flag (e.g., intra_luma_not_planar_flag) with a value of 0 may indicate that the intra prediction mode for the current block is a planar mode, and the not planar flag with a value of 1 may indicate that the intra prediction mode for the current block is not the planar mode. The MPM index may be signaled in the form of an mpm_idx or intra_luma_mpm_idx syntax element, and the remaining intra prediction mode information may be signaled in the form of a rem_intra_luma_pred_mode or intra_luma_mpm_remainder syntax element. For example, the remaining intra prediction mode information may indicate one of the remaining intra prediction modes not included in the MPM candidates (and planar mode) among all intra prediction modes by indexing in the order of prediction mode number. The intra prediction mode may be an intra prediction mode for a luma component (sample). Hereinafter, the intra prediction mode information may include at least one of the MPM flag (e.g., intra_luma_mpm_flag), the not planar flag (e.g., intra_luma_not_planar_flag), the MPM index (e.g., mpm_idx or intra_luma_mpm_idx), or the remaining intra prediction mode information (rem_intra_luma_luma_mpm_mode or intra_luma_mpminder). In the present disclosure, the MPM list may be referred to by various terms such as an MPM candidate list and candModeList. When the MIP is applied to the current block, a separate MPM flag (e.g., intra_mip_mpm_flag) for the MIP, an MPM index (e.g., intra_mip_mpm_idx), and remaining intra prediction mode information (e.g., intra_mip_mpm_remainder) may be signaled, and the not planar flag may not be signaled.

In other words, in general, when a block partition for an image is performed, the current block to be coded and a neighboring block have similar image characteristics. Therefore, there is a high probability that the current block and the neighboring block have the same or similar intra prediction mode. Accordingly, the encoder may use the intra prediction mode of the neighboring block to encode the intra prediction mode of the current block.

For example, The decoding device/encoding device may construct a most probable modes (MPM) list for the current block. The MPM list may be referred to as the MPM candidate list. Here, the MPM may refer to modes used to improve coding efficiency in consideration of the similarity between the current block and the neighboring blocks during intra prediction mode coding. As described above, the MPM list may be constructed to include the planar mode, or may be constructed to exclude the planar mode. For example, when the MPM list includes the planar mode, the number of candidates in the MPM list may be 6. And, when the MPM list does not include the planar mode, the number of candidates in the MPM list may be 5.

The encoder/decoder may construct an MPM list including five or six MPMs.

In order to construct the MPM list, three types of modes, such as default intra modes, neighbor intra modes, and derived intra modes, may be considered.

For the neighbor intra modes, two neighbor blocks, that is, a left neighbor block and a top neighbor block, may be considered.

As described above, if the MPM list is constructed to not include a planar mode, the planar mode may be excluded from the list, and the number of MPM list candidates may be set to five.

Furthermore, a non-directional mode (or a non-angle mode) among the intra prediction modes may include a DC mode based on an average of neighbor reference samples of a current block or an interpolation-based planar mode.

Meanwhile, when inter prediction is applied, the predictor of the encoding apparatus/decoding apparatus may derive prediction samples by performing inter prediction in units of blocks. The inter prediction may be applied when performing the prediction on the current block. That is, the predictor (more specifically, inter predictor) of the encoding/decoding apparatus may derive prediction samples by performing the inter prediction in units of the block. The inter prediction may represent prediction derived by a method dependent to the data elements (e.g., sample values or motion information) of a picture(s) other than the current picture. When the inter prediction is applied to the current block, a predicted block (prediction sample array) for the current block may be derived based on a reference block (reference sample array) specified by the motion vector on the reference picture indicated by the reference picture index. In this case, in order to reduce an amount of motion information transmitted in the inter-prediction mode, the motion information of the current block may be predicted in units of a block, a subblock, or a sample based on a correlation of the motion information between the neighboring block and the current block. The motion information may include the motion vector and the reference picture index. The motion information may further include inter-prediction type (L0 prediction, L1 prediction, Bi prediction, etc.) information. In the case of applying the inter prediction, the neighboring block may include a spatial neighboring block which is present in the current picture and a temporal neighboring block which is present in the reference picture. A reference picture including the reference block and a reference picture including the temporal neighboring block may be the same as each other or different from each other. The temporal neighboring block may be referred to as a name such as a collocated reference block, a collocated CU (colCU), etc., and the reference picture including the temporal neighboring block may be referred to as a collocated picture (colPic). For example, a motion information candidate list may be configured based on the neighboring blocks of the current block and a flag or index information indicating which candidate is selected (used) may be signaled in order to derive the motion vector and./or reference picture index of the current block. The inter prediction may be performed based on various prediction modes and for example, in the case of a skip mode and a merge mode, the motion information of the current block may be the same as the motion information of the selected neighboring block. In the case of the skip mode, the residual signal may not be transmitted unlike the merge mode. In the case of a motion vector prediction (MVP) mode, the motion vector of the selected neighboring block may be used as a motion vector predictor and a motion vector difference may be signaled. In this case, the motion vector of the current block may be derived by using a sum of the motion vector predictor and the motion vector difference.

The motion information may further include L0 motion information and/or L1 motion information according to the inter-prediction type (L0 prediction, L1 prediction, Bi prediction, etc.). A L0-direction motion vector may be referred to as an L0 motion vector or MVL0 and an L1-direction motion vector may be referred to as an L1 motion vector or MVL1. A prediction based on the L0 motion vector may be referred to as an L0 prediction, a prediction based on the L1 motion vector may be referred to as an L1 prediction, and a prediction based on both the L0 motion vector and the L1 motion vector may be referred to as a bi-prediction. Here, the L0 motion vector may indicate a motion vector associated with a reference picture list L0 and the L1 motion vector may indicate a motion vector associated with a reference picture list L1. The reference picture list L0 may include pictures prior to the current picture in an output order and the reference picture list L1 may include pictures subsequent to the current picture in the output order, as the reference pictures. The prior pictures may be referred to as a forward (reference) picture and the subsequent pictures may be referred to as a reverse (reference) picture. The reference picture list L0 may further include the pictures subsequent to the current picture in the output order as the reference pictures. In this case, the prior pictures may be first indexed in the reference picture list L0 and the subsequent pictures may then be indexed. The reference picture list L1 may further include the pictures prior to the current picture in the output order as the reference pictures. In this case, the subsequent pictures may be first indexed in the reference picture list L1 and the prior pictures may then be indexed. Here, the output order may correspond to a picture order count (POC) order.

A video/image encoding process based on inter prediction may schematically include, for example, the following.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example of an inter prediction-based video/image encoding method.

The encoding apparatus performs the inter prediction for the current block (S400). The encoding apparatus may derive the inter prediction mode and the motion information of the current block and generate the prediction samples of the current block. Here, an inter prediction mode determining process, a motion information deriving process, and a generation process of the prediction samples may be simultaneously performed and any one process may be performed earlier than other process. For example, the inter-prediction unit of the encoding apparatus may include a prediction mode determination unit, a motion information derivation unit, and a prediction sample derivation unit, and the prediction mode determination unit may determine the prediction mode for the current block, the motion information derivation unit may derive the motion information of the current block, and the prediction sample derivation unit may derive the prediction samples of the current block. For example, the inter-prediction unit of the encoding apparatus may search a block similar to the current block in a predetermined area (search area) of reference pictures through motion estimation and derive a reference block in which a difference from the current block is minimum or is equal to or less than a predetermined criterion. A reference picture index indicating a reference picture at which the reference block is positioned may be derived based thereon and a motion vector may be derived based on a difference in location between the reference block and the current block. The encoding apparatus may determine a mode applied to the current block among various prediction modes. The encoding apparatus may compare RD cost for the various prediction modes and determine an optimal prediction mode for the current block.

For example, when the skip mode or the merge mode is applied to the current block, the encoding apparatus may configure a merging candidate list to be described below and derive a reference block in which a difference from the current block is minimum or is equal to or less than a predetermined criterion among reference blocks indicated by merge candidates included in the merging candidate list. In this case, a merge candidate associated with the derived reference block may be selected and merge index information indicating the selected merge candidate may be generated and signaled to the decoding apparatus. The motion information of the current block may be derived by using the motion information of the selected merge candidate.

As another example, when an (A)MVP mode is applied to the current block, the encoding apparatus may configure an (A)MVP candidate list to be described below and use a motion vector of a selected mvp candidate among motion vector predictor (mvp) candidates included in the (A)MVP candidate list as the mvp of the current block. In this case, for example, the motion vector indicating the reference block derived by the motion estimation may be used as the motion vector of the current block and an mvp candidate having a motion vector with a smallest difference from the motion vector of the current block among the mvp candidates may become the selected mvp candidate. A motion vector difference (MVD) which is a difference obtained by subtracting the mvp from the motion vector of the current block may be derived. In this case, the information on the MVD may be signaled to the decoding apparatus. Further, when the (A)MVP mode is applied, the value of the reference picture index may be configured as reference picture index information and separately signaled to the decoding apparatus.

The encoding apparatus may derive the residual samples based on the predicted samples (S410). The encoding apparatus may derive the residual samples by comparing original samples and the prediction samples of the current block.

The encoding apparatus encodes image information including prediction information and residual information (S420). The encoding apparatus may output the encoded image information in the form of a bit stream. The prediction information may include information on prediction mode information (e.g., skip flag, merge flag or mode index, etc.) and information on motion information as information related to the prediction procedure. The information on the motion information may include candidate selection information (e.g., merge index, mvp flag or mvp index) which is information for deriving the motion vector. Further, the information on the motion information may include the information on the MVD and/or the reference picture index information. Further, the information on the motion information may include information indicating whether to apply the L0 prediction, the L1 prediction, or the bi-prediction. The residual information is information on the residual samples. The residual information may include information on quantized transform coefficients for the residual samples.

An output bit stream may be stored in a (digital) storage medium and transferred to the decoding apparatus or transferred to the decoding apparatus via the network.

Meanwhile, as described above, the encoding apparatus may generate a reconstructed picture (including reconstructed samples and reconstructed blocks) based on the reference samples and the residual samples. This is to derive the same prediction result as that performed by the decoding apparatus, and as a result, coding efficiency may be increased. Accordingly, the encoding apparatus may store the reconstruction picture (or reconstruction samples or reconstruction blocks) in the memory and utilize the reconstruction picture as the reference picture. The in-loop filtering process may be further applied to the reconstruction picture as described above.

A video/image decoding process based on inter prediction may schematically include, for example, the following.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example of an inter prediction-based video/image decoding method.

Referring to FIG. 5 , the decoding apparatus may perform an operation corresponding to the operation performed by the encoding apparatus. The decoding apparatus may perform the prediction for the current block based on received prediction information and derive the prediction samples.

Specifically, the decoding apparatus may determine the prediction mode for the current block based on the received prediction information (S500). The decoding apparatus may determine which inter prediction mode is applied to the current block based on the prediction mode information in the prediction information.

For example, it may be determined whether the merge mode or the (A)MVP mode is applied to the current block based on the merge flag. Alternatively, one of various inter prediction mode candidates may be selected based on the mode index. The inter prediction mode candidates may include a skip mode, a merge mode, and/or an (A)MVP mode or may include various inter prediction modes to be described below.

The decoding apparatus derives the motion information of the current block based on the determined inter prediction mode (S510). For example, when the skip mode or the merge mode is applied to the current block, the decoding apparatus may configure the merge candidate list to be described below and select one merge candidate among the merge candidates included in the merge candidate list. Here, the selection may be performed based on the selection information (merge index). The motion information of the current block may be derived by using the motion information of the selected merge candidate. The motion information of the selected merge candidate may be used as the motion information of the current block.

As another example, when an (A)MVP mode is applied to the current block, the decoding apparatus may configure an (A)MVP candidate list to be described below and use a motion vector of a selected mvp candidate among motion vector predictor (mvp) candidates included in the (A)MVP candidate list as the mvp of the current block. Here, the selection may be performed based on the selection information (mvp flag or mvp index). In this case, the MVD of the current block may be derived based on the information on the MVD, and the motion vector of the current block may be derived based on the mvp of the current block and the MVD. Further, the reference picture index of the current block may be derived based on the reference picture index information. The picture indicated by the reference picture index in the reference picture list for the current block may be derived as the reference picture referred for the inter prediction of the current block.

Meanwhile, as described below, the motion information of the current block may be derived without a candidate list configuration and in this case, the motion information of the current block may be derived according to a procedure disclosed in the prediction mode. In this case, the candidate list configuration may be omitted.

The decoding apparatus may generate the prediction samples for the current block based on the motion information of the current block (S520). In this case, the reference picture may be derived based on the reference picture index of the current block and the prediction samples of the current block may be derived by using the samples of the reference block indicated by the motion vector of the current block on the reference picture. In this case, in some cases, a predicted sample filtering procedure for all or some of the prediction samples of the current block may be further performed.

For example, the inter-prediction unit of the decoding apparatus may include a prediction mode determination unit, a motion information derivation unit, and a prediction sample derivation unit, and the prediction mode determination unit may determine the prediction mode for the current block based on the received prediction mode information, the motion information derivation unit may derive the motion information (the motion vector and/or reference picture index) of the current block based on the information on the received motion information, and the prediction sample derivation unit may derive the predicted samples of the current block.

The decoding apparatus generates the residual samples for the current block based on the received residual information (S530). The decoding apparatus may generate the reconstruction samples for the current block based on the prediction samples and the residual samples and generate the reconstruction picture based on the generated reconstruction samples (S540). Thereafter, the in-loop filtering procedure may be further applied to the reconstruction picture as described above.

FIG. 6 schematically shows an inter prediction procedure.

Referring to FIG. 6 , as described above, the inter prediction process may include an inter prediction mode determination step, a motion information derivation step according to the determined prediction mode, and a prediction processing (prediction sample generation) step based on the derived motion information. The inter prediction process may be performed by the encoding apparatus and the decoding apparatus as described above. In this document, a coding device may include the encoding apparatus and/or the decoding apparatus.

Referring to FIG. 6 , the coding apparatus determines an inter prediction mode for the current block (S600). Various inter prediction modes may be used for the prediction of the current block in the picture. For example, various modes, such as a merge mode, a skip mode, a motion vector prediction (MVP) mode, an affine mode, a subblock merge mode, a merge with MVD (MMVD) mode, and a historical motion vector prediction (HMVP) mode may be used. A decoder side motion vector refinement (DMVR) mode, an adaptive motion vector resolution (AMVR) mode, a bi-prediction with CU-level weight (BCW), a bi-directional optical flow (BDOF), and the like may be further used as additional modes. The affine mode may also be referred to as an affine motion prediction mode. The MVP mode may also be referred to as an advanced motion vector prediction (AMVP) mode. In the present document, some modes and/or motion information candidates derived by some modes may also be included in one of motion information-related candidates in other modes. For example, the HMVP candidate may be added to the merge candidate of the merge/skip modes, or also be added to an mvp candidate of the MVP mode. If the HMVP candidate is used as the motion information candidate of the merge mode or the skip mode, the HMVP candidate may be referred to as the HMVP merge candidate.

The prediction mode information indicating the inter prediction mode of the current block may be signaled from the encoding apparatus to the decoding apparatus. In this case, the prediction mode information may be included in the bit stream and received by the decoding apparatus. The prediction mode information may include index information indicating one of multiple candidate modes. Alternatively, the inter prediction mode may be indicated through a hierarchical signaling of flag information. In this case, the prediction mode information may include one or more flags. For example, whether to apply the skip mode may be indicated by signaling a skip flag, whether to apply the merge mode may be indicated by signaling a merge flag when the skip mode is not applied, and it is indicated that the MVP mode is applied or a flag for additional distinguishing may be further signaled when the merge mode is not applied. The affine mode may be signaled as an independent mode or signaled as a dependent mode on the merge mode or the MVP mode. For example, the affine mode may include an affine merge mode and an affine MVP mode.

The coding apparatus derives motion information for the current block (S610). Motion information derivation may be derived based on the inter prediction mode.

The coding apparatus may perform inter prediction using motion information of the current block. The encoding apparatus may derive optimal motion information for the current block through a motion estimation procedure. For example, the encoding apparatus may search a similar reference block having a high correlation in units of a fractional pixel within a predetermined search range in the reference picture by using an original block in an original picture for the current block and derive the motion information through the searched reference block. The similarity of the block may be derived based on a difference of phase based sample values. For example, the similarity of the block may be calculated based on a sum of absolute differences (SAD) between the current block (or a template of the current block) and the reference block (or the template of the reference block). In this case, the motion information may be derived based on a reference block having a smallest SAD in a search area. The derived motion information may be signaled to the decoding apparatus according to various methods based on the inter prediction mode.

The coding apparatus performs inter prediction based on motion information for the current block (S620). The coding apparatus may derive prediction sample(s) for the current block based on the motion information. A current block including prediction samples may be referred to as a predicted block.

Meanwhile, as described above, the quantizer of the encoding apparatus may derive quantized transform coefficients by applying quantization to transform coefficients. The dequantizer of the encoding apparatus or the dequantizer of the decoding apparatus may derive transform coefficients by applying dequantization to the quantized transform coefficients.

In general, in video/image coding, a quantization ratio may be changed, and a compression rate may be adjusted using the changed quantization ratio. In an implementation aspect, a quantization parameter (QP) may be used instead of directly using the quantization ratio by considering complexity. For example, quantization parameters having integer values of 0 to 63 may be used, and each quantization parameter value may correspond to an actual quantization ratio. Furthermore, for example, a quantization parameter QP_(Y) for a luma component and a quantization parameter QPc for a chroma component may be different configured.

In a quantization process, a transform coefficient C may be an input, a quantization ratio (Q_(step)) may be divided, and a quantized transform coefficient C′ may be obtained based on the quantization ratio. In this case, the quantization ratio may be produced in an integer form by multiplying the quantization ratio by a scale by considering calculation complexity, and a shift operation may be performed by a value corresponding to a scale value. A quantization scale may be derived based on the product of the quantization ratio and the scale value. That is, the quantization scale may be derived based on the QP. For example, the quantization scale may be applied to the transform coefficient C′, and a quantized transform coefficient C′ may be derived based on a result of the application.

A dequantization process is a reverse process of the quantization process. In this process, a quantized transform coefficient C′ may be multiplied by a quantization ratio (Q_(step)), and a reconstructed transform coefficient C″ may be obtained based on the result of the multiplication. In this case, a level scale may be derived based on a quantization parameter, the level scale may be applied to the quantized transform coefficient C′, and a reconstructed transform coefficient C″ may be derived. The reconstructed transform coefficient C″ may have some difference from the first transform coefficient C due to a loss in the transform and/or quantization process. Accordingly, dequantization is performed in the encoding apparatus as in the decoding apparatus.

Meanwhile, an adaptive frequency weighting quantization technology for adjusting quantization strength depending on a frequency may be applied. The adaptive frequency weighting quantization technology is a method of differently applying quantization strength for each frequency. In the adaptive frequency weighting quantization, quantization strength for each frequency may be differently applied using a predefined quantization scaling matrix. That is, the aforementioned quantization/dequantization process may be performed based on the quantization scaling matrix. For example, in order to generate the size of a current block and/or a residual signal of the current block, a different quantization scaling matrix may be used depending on whether a prediction mode applied to the current block is inter prediction or intra prediction. The quantization scaling matrix may be called a quantization matrix or a scaling matrix. The quantization scaling matrix may be pre-defined. Furthermore, for frequency adaptive scaling, quantization scale information for each frequency for the quantization scaling matrix may be constructed/encoded in the encoding apparatus and signaled to the decoding apparatus. The quantization scale information for each frequency may be called quantization scaling information. The quantization scale information for each frequency may include scaling list data (scaling_list_data). A (modified) quantization scaling matrix may be derived based on the scaling list data. Furthermore, the quantization scale information for each frequency may include present flag information representing whether the scaling list data is present. Alternatively, if the scaling list data is signaled in a higher level (e.g., SPS), information representing whether the scaling list data is modified in a lower level (e.g., a PPS or a tile group header, etc.) of a higher level, etc. may be further included.

As in the aforementioned contents, quantization/dequantization may be applied to a luma component and a chroma component based on a quantization parameter.

Quantization parameters for a coding unit may be determined based on information signaled in a picture and/or a slice level. For example, the quantization parameters may be derived as in contents described later.

For example, information related to the derivation of quantization parameters may be signaled as in the following table through a sequence parameter set (SPS).

TABLE 1 scq_parameter_set_rbsp( ) { Descriptor  sps_decoding_parameter_set_id u(4) ...  bit_depth_luma_minus8 ue(v)  bit_depth_chroma_minus8 ue(v) ...  rbsp_trailing_bits( ) }

Semantics for syntax elements in Table 1 may be the same as the following table.

TABLE 2 bit_depth_luma_minus8 specifics the bit depth of the samples of the luma array BitDepth_(Y) and the value of the luma quantization parameter range offset QpBdOffset_(Y) as follows:     BitDepth_(Y) = 8 + bit_depth_luma_minus8     QpBdOffset_(Y) = 6 * bit depth luma minus8 bit_depth_luma_minus8 shall be in the range of 0 to 8, inclusive. bit_depth_chroma_minus8 specifies the bit depth of the samples of the chroma arrays BitDepth_(C) and the value of the chroma quantization parameter range offset QpBdOffset_(C) asfollows:     BitDepth_(C) = 8 +     bit_depth_chroma_minus8     QpBdOffset_(C) = 6 * bit_depth_chroma_minus8 bit_depth_chroma_minus8 shall be in the range of 0 to 8, inclusive.

For example, the syntax element bit_depth_luma_minus8 may represent BitDepth_(Y), that is, the bit depth of samples of a luma array, and QpBdOffset_(Y) that is a luma quantization parameter range offset. That is, for example, the BitDepth_(Y) and the QpBdOffset_(Y) may be derived based on the syntax element bit_depth_luma_minus8. For example, the BitDepth_(Y) may be derived as a value obtained by adding 8 to a value of the syntax element bit_depth_luma_minus8. The QpBdOffset_(Y) may be derived as a value obtained by multiplying a value of the syntax element bit_depth_luma_minus8 by 6. Furthermore, the bit_depth_luma_minus8 may be in a range of 0 to 8.

Furthermore, for example, the syntax element bit_depth_chroma_minus8 may represent BitDepth_(c), that is, the bit depth of samples of a chroma array, and QpBdOffset_(c), that is, a chroma quantization parameter range offset. That is, for example, the BitDepth_(c) and the QpBdOffset_(c) may be derived based on the syntax element bit_depth_chroma_minus8. For example, the BitDepth_(c) may be derived as a value obtained by adding 8 to a value of the syntax element bit_depth_chroma_minus8. The QpBdOffset_(c) may be derived as a value obtained by multiplying a value of the syntax element bit_depth_chroma_minus8 by 6. Furthermore, the bit_depth_chroma_minus8 may be in a range of 0 to 8.

Furthermore, information related to the derivation of quantization parameters may be signaled as in the following table, for example, through a picture parameter set (PPS). The information may include a chroma Cb offset, a chroma Cr offset, a joint chroma offset, and an initial quantization parameter. That is, the information may include syntax elements for a chroma Cb offset, a chroma Cr offset, a joint chroma offset, and an initial quantization parameter.

TABLE 3 pic_parameter_set_rbsp( ) { Descriptor  pps_pic_parameter_set_id ue(v) ...  init_qp_minus26 se(v)  transform_skip_enabled_flag u(l)  pps_cb_qp_offset se(v)  pps_cr_qp_offset se(v)  pps_joint_cber_qp_offset se(v)  pps_slice_chroma_qp_offsets_present_flag u(l) ...  rbsp_trailing_bits() }

Semantics for syntax elements in Table 3 may be the same as the following table.

TABLE 4 init_qp_minus26 plus 26 specifies the initial value of SliceQp_(Y) for each slice referring to the PPS The initial value of SliceQp_(Y) is modified at the slice layer when a non-zero value of slice_qp_delta is decoded. The value of init_qp_minus26 shall be in the range of -( 26 + QpBdOffset_(Y) ) to +37, inclusive. pps_cb_qp_offset and pps_cr_qp_offset specify the offsets to the luma quantization parameter Qp′_(Y) used for deriving Qp′_(Cb) and Qp′_(Cr), respectively. The values of pps_cb_qp_offset and pps_cr_qp_offset shall be in the range of -12 to +12, inclusive When ChromaArrayType is equal to 0, pps_cb_qp_offset and pps_cr_qp_offset are not used in the decoding process and decoders shall ignore their value. pps_joint_cber_qp_offset specifies the offset to the luma quantization parameter Qp′_(Y) used for deriving Qp′_(CbCr). The value of pps_joint_cber_qp_offset shall be in the range of -12 to +12, inclusive. When ChromaArrayType is equal to 0, ppsjoint_cbcr_qp_offset is not used in the decoding process and decoders shall ignore its value. pps_slice_chroma_qp_offsets_present_flag equal to 1 indicates that the slice_cb_qp_offset and slice_cr_qp_offset syntax elements are present in the associated slice headers. pps_slice_chroma_qp_offsets_present_flag equal to 0 indicates that these syntax elements are not present in the associated slice headers. When ChromaArrayType is equal to 0, pps_slice_chroma_qp_offsets_present_flag shall be equal to 0.

For example, a value obtained by adding 26 to the syntax element init_qp_minus26 may represent an initial value of SliceQp_(Y) for each slice that refers to a PPS. If a non-zero value of slice_qp_delta is decoded, an initial value of the SliceQpY may be modified in a slice layer. The init_qp_minus26 0 may be in a range of -(26 + QpBdOffset_(Y)) to +37.

Furthermore, for example, syntax elements pps_cb_qp_offset and pps_cr_qp_offset may represent offsets for a luma quantization parameter Qp′_(Y) used to derive Qp′_(Cb) and Qp′cr, respectively. The pps_cb_qp_offset and pps_cr_qp_offset may be in a range of -12 to +12. Furthermore, when ChromaArrayType is 0, in a decoding process, pps_cb_qp_offset and pps_cr_qp_offset may not be used, and the decoding apparatus may ignore values of the syntax elements.

Furthermore, for example, the syntax element pps_joint_cber_qp_offset may represent an offset for a luma quantization parameter Qp′_(Y) used to derive Qp′_(CbCr). The pps_joint_cber_qp_offset may be in a range of -12 to +12. Furthermore, when ChromaArrayType is 0, in a decoding process, pps_joint_cbcr_qp_offset may not be used, and the decoding apparatus may ignore a value of the syntax element.

Furthermore, for example, the syntax element pps_slice_chroma_qp_offsets_present_flag may represent whether syntax elements slice_cb_qp_offset and slice_cr_qp_offset are present in slice headers associated with the syntax elements slice_cb_qp_offset and slice_cr_qp_offset. For example, pps_slice_chroma_qp_offsets_present_flag having a value of 1 may represent that the syntax elements slice_cb_qp_offset and slice_cr_qp_offset are present in slice headers associated with the syntax elements slice_cb_qp_offset and slice_cr_qp_offset. Furthermore, for example, pps_slice_chroma_qp_offsets_present_flag having a value of 0 may represent that the syntax elements slice_cb_qp_offset and slice_cr_qp_offset are not present in slice headers associated with the syntax elements slice_cb_qp_offset and slice_cr_qp_offset. Furthermore, when ChromaArrayType is 0, in a decoding process, pps_slice_chroma_qp_offsets_present _flag may be the same as 0.

As in the aforementioned contents, syntax elements parsed in the PPS may be init_qp_minus26, pps_cb_qp_offset_pps_cr_qp_offset, pps_joint_cbcr_qp_offset, and pps_slice_chroma_qp_offsets_present_flag. A syntax element init_qp_minus26 may represent an initial value of SliceQp_(Y) for each slice that refers to a PPS. Furthermore, syntax elements pps_cb_qp_offset, pps_cr_qp_offset, and ppsjoint cber_qp_offset may represent offsets for a luma quantization parameter Qp′_(Y). Furthermore, the syntax element pps_slice_chroma_qp_offsets_present_flag may represent whether an offset parameter is present in a slice header.

Furthermore, information related to the derivation of quantization parameters may be signaled as in the following table through a slice header, for example.

TABLE 5 slice_header( ) { Descriptor  slice_pic_parameter_set_id ue(v) ...  slice_qp_delta se(v)  if( pps_slice_chroma_qp_offsets_present_flag) {   slice_cb_qp_offset se(v)   slice_cr_qp_offset se(v)   slice_joint_cbcr_qp_offset se(v)  } ...  byte_alignment( ) }

Semantics for syntax elements in Table 5 may be the same as the following table.

TABLE 6 slice_qp_delta specifies the initial value of Qp_(Y) to be used for the coding blocks in the slice until modified by the value of CuQpDeltaVal in the coding unit layer. The initial value of the Qp_(Y) quantization parameter for the slice, SliceQp_(Y), is derived as follows: SliceQp_(Y) = 26 + init_qp_minus26 + slice_qp_delta The value of SliceQp_(Y) shall be in the range of -QpBdOffset_(Y) to +63, inclusive. slice_cb_qp_offset specifies a difference to be added to the value of pps_cb_qp_offset when determining the value of the Qp′_(Cb) quantization parameter. The value of slice_cb_qp_offset shall be in the range of -12 to +12, inclusive. When slice_cb_qp_offset is not present, it is inferred to be equal to 0. The value of pps_cb_qp_offset + slice_cb_qp_offset shall be in the range of -12 to +12, inclusive. slice_cr_qp_offset specifics a difference to be added to the value of pps_cr_qp_offset when determining the value of the Qp′_(Cr) quantization parameter. The value of slice_cr_qp_offset shall be in the range of -12 to +12, inclusive. When slice_cr_qp_offset is not present, it is inferred to be equal to 0. The value of pps_cr qp offset + slice cr qp offset shall be in the range of -12 to +12, inclusive. slice_joint_cbcr_qp_offset specifies a difference to be added to the value of pps_joint_cber_qp_offset when determining the value of the Qp′_(CbCr). The value of slice_joint_cbcr_qp_offset shall be in the range of -12 to +12, inclusive. When slice_joint_cbcr_qp_offset is not present, it is inferred to be equal to 0. The value of pps_joint_cber_qp_offset + slice_joint_cbcr_qp_offset shall be in the range of -12 to +12, inclusive. The derivation process for the luma and chroma quantization parameters begin with the inputs to the process being a luma location, variables specifying the width and height of the current coding block and a variable specifying whether it is a single or a dual tree The luma, chroma and the joint chroma quantization parameters are dentoted as follows: Qp′_(Y) Qp′_(Cb) Qp′_(Cr) and Qp′_(CbCr). cu_qp_delta_sign_flag specifies the sign of CuQpDeltaVal as follows:   If cu_qp_delta_sign_flag is equal to 0, the corresponding CuQpDeltaVal has a positive   value.   Otherwise (cu_qp_delta_sign_flag is equal to 1), the corresponding CuQpDeltaVal has   a negative value. When cu_qp_delta_sign_flag is not present, it is inferred to be equal to 0. When cu_qp_delta_abs is present, the variables IsCuQpDeltaCoded and CuQpDeltaVal are derived as follows:     IsCuQpDeltCoded = 1     CuQpDeltaVal = cu_qp_delta_abs * ( 1 - 2 * cu_qp_delta_sign_flag ) The value of CuQpDeltaVal shall be in the range of -( 32 + QpBdOffsetY / 2 ) to +( 31 + QpBdOffsetY / 2 ), inclusive.

For example, slice_qp_delta may represent an initial value of Qp_(Y) to be used in a coding block within a slice until it is modified by a value of CuQpDeltaVal in a coding unit layer. For example, an initial value of Qp_(Y) for a slice, SliceQp_(Y), may be derived as 26 + init_qp_minus26 + slice_qp_delta. A value of SliceQp_(Y) may be in a range of - QpBdOffset_(Y) to +63.

Furthermore, for example, slice _cb_qp_offset may represent a difference to be added to a value of pps_cb_qp_offset when a value of the quantization parameter Qp′_(Cb) is determined. A value of slice_cb_qp_offset may be in a range of -12 to +12. Furthermore, for example, if slice_cb_qp_offset is not present, the slice_cb_qp_offset may be inferred as 0. A value of pps_cb_qp_offset + slice_cb_qp_offset may be in a range of 12 to +12.

Furthermore, for example, slice_cr_qp_offset may represent a difference to be added to a value of pps_cr_qp_offset when a value of a quantization parameter Qp′cr is determined. A value of slice_cr_qp_offset may be in a range of -12 to +12. Furthermore, for example, if slice_cr_qp_offset is not present, the slice_cr_qp_offset may be inferred as 0. A value of pps_cr_qp_offset + slice_cr_qp_offset may be in a range of 12 to +12.

Furthermore, for example, slice_cbcr_qp_offset may represent a difference to be added to a value of pps_cbcr_qp_offset when a value of a quantization parameter Qp′_(CbCr) is determined. A value of slice_cbcr_qp_offset may be in a range of -12 to +12. Furthermore, for example, if slice_cber_qp_offset is not present, the slice_cbcr_qp_offset may be inferred as 0. A value of pps_cbcr_qp_offset + slice_cbcr_qp_offset may be in a range of 12 to +12.

A derivation process for luma and chroma quantization parameters may be started based on the fact that an input for the process is a luma location, a parameter to designate the width and height of a current coding block, and a parameter to designate a single tree or a dual tree. Meanwhile, as in the aforementioned contents, a luma quantization parameter, a chroma quantization parameter and a joint chroma quantization parameter may be represented as Qp′_(Y), Qp′_(Cb), Qp′_(Cr) and Qp′_(CbCr).

Meanwhile, for example, the syntax element cu_qp_delta_sign_flag representing a sign of CuQpDeltaVal may be parsed. For example, the cu_qp_delta_sign_flag may represent the sign of CuQpDeltaVal as follows.

For example, when the cu_qp_delta_sign_flag is 0, CuQpDeltaVal corresponding to the cu_qp_delta_sign_flag may have a positive value. Alternatively, for example, when the cu_qp_delta_sign_flag is 1, CuQpDeltaVal corresponding to the cu_qp_delta_sign_flag may have a negative value. Furthermore, if the cu_qp_delta_sign_flag is not present, the cu_qp_delta_sign_flag may be inferred as 0.

Furthermore, for example, if cu_qp_delta_abs is present, a parameter IsCuQpDeltaCoded may be derived as 1. A parameter CuQpDeltaVal may be derived as cu_qp_delta_abs * (1 - 2 * cu_qp_delta_sign_flag). The CuQpDeltaVal may be in a range of -(32 + QpBdOffsetY/2) to +(31 + QpBdOffsetY/2).

Thereafter, for example, the luma quantization parameter Qp′_(Y) may be derived as in the following equation.

$\begin{array}{l} {\text{Qp}_{\text{Y}} = \left( {\left( {\text{qP}_{\text{Y\_PRED}} + \text{CuQpDeltaVal} + 64 + 2*\text{QpBdOffset}_{\text{Y}}} \right)\%} \right)} \\ {\left( \left( {64 + \text{QpBdOffset}_{\text{Y}}} \right) \right) - \text{QpBdOffset}_{\text{Y}}} \end{array}$

Furthermore, if ChromaArrayType is not 0 and, treeType is SINGLE_TREE or DUAL_TREE_CHROMA, the following may be applied.

- When treeType is equal to DUAL_TREE_CHROMA, a parameter Qp_(Y) may be set identically with a luma quantization parameter Qp_(Y) of a luma coding unit including a luma location (xCb + cbWidth/2, yCb + cbHeight/2).

- Parameters qP_(Cb), qPcr and qP_(CbCr) may be derived as follows.

$\begin{array}{l} {\text{qPi}_{\text{Cb}} = \text{Clip3}\left( {- \text{QpBdOffset}_{\text{C}},69,\text{Qp}_{\text{Y}} + \text{pps\_cb\_qp\_offset} + \text{slice\_cb\_qp\_offset}} \right)} \\ {\text{qPi}_{\text{Cr}} = \text{Clip3}\left( {- \text{QpBdOffset}_{\text{C}},69,\text{Qp}_{\text{Y}} + \text{pps\_cr\_qp\_offset} + \text{slice\_cr\_qp\_offset}} \right)} \\ {\text{qPi}_{\text{CbCr}} = \text{Clip3}\left( {- \text{QpBdOffset}_{\text{C}},69,\text{Qp}_{\text{Y}} + \text{pps\_joint\_cbcr\_qp\_offset} + \text{slice\_joint\_cbcr\_qp\_offset}} \right)} \end{array}$

For example, when ChromaArrayType is 1, parameters qP_(Cb), qPcr and qP_(CbCr) may be set identically with a QpC value designated in Table 7 based on the same indices qPi as qPi_(Cb), qPicr and qPi_(CbCr), respectively.

TABLE 7 qPi < 30 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 > 43 Qp_(c) = qPi 29 30 31 32 33 33 34 34 35 35 36 36 37 37 = qPi - 6

Alternatively, when ChromaArrayType is not 1, the parameters qP_(Cb), qPcr, and qP_(CbCr) may be set identically with Min (qPi, 63) based on the same indices qPi as qPi_(Cb), qPi_(Cr), and qPi_(CbC), respectively.

- Chroma quantization parameters for a Cb component and a Cr component, Qp′_(Cb) and Qp′_(Cr), and a chroma quantization parameter Qp′_(CbCr) for joint Cb-Cr coding may be derived as follows.

Q p ′ Cb = qP Cb + QpBdOffset C Q p ′ Cr = qP Cr + QpBdOffset C Q p ′ CbCr = qP CbCr + QpBdOffset C

Meanwhile, this document proposes schemes for improving coding efficiency in a quantization/dequantization process.

In an embodiment, this document proposes a method of defining and using a user defined chroma quantization mapping table, not a method of obtaining a chroma quantization parameter value from a luma quantization parameter value through a chroma quantization mapping table predefined in the existing VVC Draft5 v.7 when ChromaArrayType is not 0 (e.g., when ChromaArrayType is 1). In the VVC specification text (e.g., VVC Draft5 v.7), when qPi (a luma quantization parameter value) is given, Qpc (chroma quantization parameter value) is derived through the predefined chroma quantization table (e.g., Table 7), but this document proposes a method of deriving Qpc from qPi based on a chroma quantization mapping table newly defined by a user. According to an embodiment of this document, there is proposed a method in which a Qpc value may be derived through a function relation of a qPi value, a function may be signaled as a syntax, such as an APS, an SPS or a PPS, through a user defined functionality method, which includes the function relation transmit values of predefined syntax elements, and a user defines chroma quantization table mapping based on the transmitted values. For example, since a Qpc value can be derived through the function relation of the qPi value, if syntax element values representing a corresponding function are transmitted, a user defined chroma quantization mapping table may be derived in a form, such as Table 7.

In an embodiment, there is proposed a scheme for signaling information about syntax elements (Qpc_data) representing chroma quantization mapping-related function as in the following table to be described later in an adaptation parameter set (APS).

TABLE 8 adaptation_parameter_set_rbsp() { Descriptor  adaptation_parameter_set_id u(5)  aps_params_type u(3)  if(aps_params_type = = ALF_APS)   alf_data(adaptation_parameter_set id)  else if (aps_params_type = = LMCS APS)   lmcs_data( )  else if (aps_params_type = = Qpc_APS) // 2   Qpc_data( )  aps_extension_flag u(1)  if(aps_extension_flag)   while(more_rbsp_data() )    aps_extension_data_flag u(1)  rbsp_trailing_bits() }

Referring to Table 8, if the aps_params_type represents Qpc APS, for example, when a value of the aps_params_type is 2, Qpc_data() may be signaled.

Semantics for syntax elements in Table 8 may be the same as the following table.

TABLE 9 adaptation_parameter_set_id provides an identifier for the APS for reference by other syntax elements. NOTE - APSs can be shared across pictures and can be different in different slices within a picture. aps _extension _flag equal to 0 specifics that no aps_extension_data flag syntax elements are present in the APS RBSP syntax structure, aps extension flag equal to 1 specifics that there are aps extension data flag syntax elements present in the APS RBSP syntax structure. aps_extension_data flag may have any value. Its presence and value do not affect decoder conformance to profiles specified in this version of this Specification. Decoders conforming to this version of this Specification shall ignore all aps_extension_data_flag syntax elements. aps_params_type specifies the type of APS parameters carried in the APS as specified in the Table 2 shown below.

For example, the syntax element adaptation_parameter_set_id may provide an identifier of an APS referred by other syntax elements.

Furthermore, for example, the syntax element aps_extension_flag may represent whether aps_extension_data_flag syntax elements are present in an APS RBSP syntax structure. For example, the syntax element aps_extension_flag having a value of 1 may represent that the aps_extension_data_flag syntax elements are present in the APS RBSP syntax structure. The syntax element aps_extension_flag having a value of 0 may represent that the aps _extension_data_flag syntax elements are not present in the APS RBSP syntax structure.

Furthermore, for example, the syntax element aps_extension_data_flag may have any value. The presence (presence and value) of the aps_extension_data_flag may not affect decoding suitability for a profile specified in a version of this standard. For example, a decoding apparatus that follows a version of this standard may ignore all syntax elements aps_extension_data_flag.

Furthermore, for example, the syntax element aps_params_type may represent the type of APS parameters included in an APS as illustrated in Table 10.

TABLE 10 aps_params_type Name of aps params type Type of APS parameters 0 ALF_APS ALF parameters 1 LMCS APS LMCS parameters 2 Qp_(c)_APS Qpc data parameters 3..7 Reserved Reserved

For example, referring to Table 10, when a value of the syntax element aps_params_type is 0, the syntax element aps_params_type may represent that the type of APS parameters is ALF parameters. When a value of the syntax element aps_params_type is 1, the syntax element aps_params_type may represent that the type of APS parameters is LMCS parameters. When a value of the syntax element aps_params_type is 2, the syntax element aps_params_type may represent that the type of APS parameters is Qpc data parameters. The Qpc data parameter may represent a chroma quantization data parameter.

Furthermore, this document proposes another embodiment in which information for a quantization parameter is signaled.

For example, the present embodiment proposes a scheme for signaling user defined Qpc data in a picture parameter set (PPS). As an example for performing a scheme proposed in the present embodiment, a flag representing whether a PPS includes user defined data in an SPS may be introduced. That is, a flag representing whether a PPS includes user defined data in an SPS, may be signaled. Furthermore, according to the present embodiment, user defined data may be signaled in a PPS. Alternatively, user defined data may be signaled in a slice header and/or another header set.

The flag representing whether a PPS includes user defined data may be signaled as in the following table.

TABLE 11 seq_parameter_set_rbsp(){ Descriptor  sps_decoding_parameter_set_id u(4) ... Qpc_data_default_flag u(1) ...  rbsp_trailing_bits() }

For example, the syntax element Qpc_data_default_flag may be a syntax element of the aforementioned flag. The syntax element Qpc_data_default_flag may represent whether Qpc_data() parameters are present in a PPS RBSP syntax structure. For example, Qpc_data_default_flag of 0 may represent that Qpc _data() parameters are not present in the PPS RBSP syntax structure and a default table is used to help a determination of chroma quantization. In this case, the default table may be the same as Table 7. Furthermore, for example, Qpc_data_default _flag of 1 may represent that Qpc_data() parameters may be present in the PPS RBSP syntax structure.

Furthermore, user defined data signaled in a PPS according to the present embodiment may be the same as the following table.

TABLE 12 pic_parameter_set_rbsp() { Descriptor  pps_pic_parameter_set_id ue(v) ...  if(Qpc_data _default_flag)   Qpc_data() ...  rbsp_trailing_bits() }

Meanwhile, for example, Qpc_data() may include information necessary for chroma quantization derivation when ChromaArrayType is 1.

Furthermore, this document proposes another embodiment in which information for a quantization parameter is signaled.

For example, the present embodiment proposes a flexible structure for chroma quantization parameter (QP) derivation and combined chroma QP derivation. The present embodiment proposes a scheme for signaling an initial flag representing whether a user defined mode in which parameters representing a function used to derive a chroma quantization parameter (QP) in an SPS and/or a PPS may be used is present.

For example, flag information signaled in a high level syntax proposed in the present embodiment may be the same as a table to be described later.

TABLE 13 high_level _syntax parameter set { Descriptor ... Qpc_data_present_flag u(1) ... }

For example, Qpc data_present flag may represent whether parameters for deriving a chroma quantization parameter are present in a high level syntax RBSP syntax structure. For example, Qpc_data_present_flag having a value of 0 may represent that chroma quantization parameters are not present in a high level syntax RBSP syntax structure. Furthermore, for example, Qpc_data_present_flag having a value of 1 may represent that chroma quantization parameters are present in a high level syntax RBSP syntax structure.

Alternatively, the syntax element Qpc_data_present_flag may be used to indicate a scheme of using chroma quantization derivation in a bitstream. For example, the syntax element Qpc_data_present_flag may represent a tool used for chroma quantization derivation or the use of a user defined mode as follows.

For example, Qpc_data_present_flag may represent whether user defined chroma quantization is used in a bitstream. For example, Qpc_data_present_flag having a value of 0 may represent that user defined chroma quantization is not used in a bitstream. Furthermore, for example, Qpc_data_present_flag having a value of 1 may represent that user defined chroma quantization is used solely or along with another flag.

Furthermore, this document proposes another embodiment in which information for a quantization parameter is signaled.

For example, the present embodiment proposes an embodiment in which how chroma quantization parameters (QP), that is, Qp′_(Cb), Qp′_(Cr) and Qp′_(CbCr) can be derived using user defined information signaled in one function. For example, according to the present embodiment, data representing a function for deriving a chroma quantization parameter (QP) may be signaled, and chroma quantization parameters may be derived based on chroma quantization data. Data (or user defined QP mapping table) for chroma quantization parameter derivation may be signaled as in the following table.

TABLE 14 Qp_(c)_data() { Descriptor  qPi_min_idx ue(v)  qPi_delta_max_idx ue(v)  for (i = qPi_min_idx; i <= qPiMaxIdx; i++)   Qp_(c)_qPi_val[i] ue(v)  QpOffset_(C) ue(v) }

Semantics for syntax elements in Table 14 may be the same as the following table.

TABLE 15 qPi_min_idx specifies the minimum qPi index used in the chroma quantization. qPi_delta_max_idx specifies the delta value between the Qp_(C)_min_idx and the maximum qPi index used for the chroma Qp_(C) derivation. The value of qPiMaxIdx shall be greater than or equal to qPi_min_idx. The maximum index qPiMaxIdx used in Qp_(C) derivation is derived as follows:     qPiMaxIdx = qPi_min_idx + qPi_delta_max_idx Qp_(C)_qPi_val[i] specifies the Qp_(C) value for the i^(th) index. QpOffset_(C) specifies the offset value to be used the derivation of the Qp_(C). The variable Qp_(c) Idx[qPi J for qPi with qPi = 0 ... qPiMaxIdx, is derived as follows:   For qPi < qPi_min_idx, Qp_(C) Idx[qPi] is set equal to qPi.   For qPi = qPi min idx ... qPiMaxIdx, the following applies:      Qp_(C) Idx[qPi] = Qp_(C)_qPi_val[qPi]   For qPi > qPiMaxldx, Qp_(C)Idx[qPi ] = qPi - QpOffset_(C)   The value of Qp_(C) is derived as Qp_(C) Idx[qPi].

For example, the syntax element qPi_min_idx may represent a minimum qPi index used in chroma quantization.

Furthermore, for example, the syntax element qPi_delta_max_idx may represent a delta value between Qpi_min_idx and a maximum qPi index used in chroma Qp_(c) derivation. A value of qPiMaxIdx may be greater than or equal to qPi_min_idx. For example, a maximum index qPiMaxIdx used in Qp_(c) derivation may be derived as in the following equation.

qPiMaxIdx = qPi_min_idx + qPi_delta_max_idx

Furthermore, for example, the syntax element Qpc_qPi_val[i] may represent a Qpc value for an i-th index.

Furthermore, for example, the syntax element QpOffsetc may represent an offset value used for the derivation of Qpc.

Furthermore, for example, a parameter QpcIdx[qPi] for qPi may be derived as follows. In this case, the qPi may be 0 to qPiMaxIdx.

-   When qPi < qPi_min_idx, QpcIdx[qPi] may be set identically with qPi. -   When qPi = qPi _min_idx... qPiMaxIdx, QpcIdx[qPi] may be set     identically with Qpc_qPi_val[qPi]. -   When qPi > qPiMaxIdx, QpcIdx[qPi] may be set as qPi QpOffsetc.

Thereafter, a value of Qp_(C) may be derived as QpcIdx[qPi].

For example, according to the present embodiment, if a process of deriving a quantization parameter is described in a standard format, the process may be represented as in the following table.

TABLE 16 Derivation process for quantization parameters Inputs to this process are: a luma location (xCb, yCb) specifying the top-left luma sample of the current coding block relative to the top-left luma sample of the current picture, a variable cbWidth specifying the width of the current coding block in luma samples, a variable cbHeight specifying the height of the current coding block in luma samples, a variable treeType specifying whether a single tree (SINGLE TREE) or a dual tree is used to partition the CTUs and, when a dual tree is used, whether the luma (DUAL_TREE_LUMA) or chroma components (DUAL_TREE_CHROMA) are currently processed. In this process, the luma quantization parameter Qp′_(Y) and the chroma quantization parameters Qp′_(Cb) and Qp′_(Cr) are derived. The luma location (xQg, yQg), specifics the top-left luma sample of the current quantization group relative to the top left luma sample of the current picture. The horizontal and vertical positions xQg and yQg are set equal to CuQgTopLeftX and CuQgTopLeftY, respectively. NOTE - : The current quantization group is a rectangluar region inside a coding tree block that shares the same qP_(Y_) _(PRED). Its width and height are equal to the width and height of the coding tree node of which the top-left luma sample position is assigned to the variables CuQgTopLeftX and CuQgTopLeftY. When treeType is equal to SINGLE_TREE or DUAL_TREE_LUMA, the predicted luma quantization parameter qP_(Y_) _(PRED) is derived by the following ordered steps: 1. The variable qP_(Y_) _(PREV) is derived as follows: If one or more of the following conditions are true, qP_(Y) _(PREV) is set equal to SliceQp_(Y): The current quantization group is the first quantization group in a slice. The current quantization group is the first quantization group in a brick. Otherwise, qP_(Y_) _(PREV) is set 2. The availability derivation process for a block as specified in clause 6.4.X [Ed. (BB): Neighbouring blocks availability checking process tbd] is invoked with the location (xCurr, yCurr) set equal to (xCb, yCb) and the neighbouring location (xNbY, yNbY) set equal to (xQg - 1, yQg) as inputs, and the output is assigned to availableA. The variable qP_(Y_) _(A) is derived as follows: If one or more of the following conditions are true, qP_(Y) _(A) is set equal to qP_(Y) _(P) _(R) _(E) _(V): availableA is equal to FALSE. the CTB address ctbAddrA of the CTB containing the luma coding block covering the luma location (xQg - 1. yQg) is not equal to CtbAddrInBs, where ctbAddrA is derived as follows: xTmp = (xQg - 1) » MinTbLog2SizeY yTmp = yQg » MinTbLog2SizeY minTbAddrA = MinTbAddrZs[xTmp][yTmp] ctbAddrA = minTbAddrA » (2*(CtbLog2SizeY - MinTbLog2SizeY)) Otherwise, qP_(Y) _(_A) is set equal to the luma quantization parameter Qp_(Y) of the coding unit containing the luma coding block covering (xQg - 1, yQg). 3. The availability derivation process for a block as specified in clause 6.4.X [Ed. (BB): Neighbouring blocks availability checking process tbd] is invoked with the location (xCurr, yCurr) set equal to (xCb, yCb) and the neighbouring location (xNbY. yNbY) set equal to (xQg, yQg - 1) as inputs, and the output is assigned to availableB. The variable qP_(Y_B) is derived as follows: If one or more of the following conditions are true, qP_(Y) _(B) is set equal to qP_(Y) _(PREV): availableB is equal to FALSE. the CTB address ctbAddrB of the CTB containing the luma coding block covering the luma location (xQg, yQg - 1) is not equal to CtbAddrInBs, where ctbAddrB is derived as follows: xTmp = xQg » MinTbLog2SizeY yTmp = (yQg - 1) » MinTbLog2SizeY minTbAddrB = MinTbAddrZs[xTmp][yTmp] ctbAddrB = minTbAddrB » (2*(CtbLog2SizeY - MinTbLog2SizeY)) (8-922) Otherwise, qP_(Y_) _(B) is set equal to the luma quantization parameter Qp_(Y) of the coding unit containing the luma coding block covering (xQg, yQg - 1). 4. The predicted luma quantization parameter qP_(Y) _(PRED) is derived as follows: If all the following conditions are true, then qP_(Y_) _(PRED) is set equal to the luma quantization parameter Qp_(Y) of the coding unit containing the luma coding block covering (xQg, yQg - 1): availableB is equal to TRUE. the current quantization group is the first quantization group in a CTB row within a brick Otherwise, qP_(Y_) _(PRED) is derived as follows: qP_(Y_) _(PRED) = (qP_(Y_) _(A) + qP_(Y_B) + 1) >> 1 The variable Qp_(Y) is derived as follows: QP_(Y)= ( (qP_(Y_) _(PRED) + CuQpDcltaVal + 64 + 2 * QpBdOffset_(Y))%(64 + QpBdOffset_(Y)) ) - Qp BdOffset_(Y) The luma quantization parameter Qp′_(Y) is derived as follows: Qp′_(Y) = Qp_(Y) + QpBdOffset_(Y). When ChromaArrayType is not equal to 0 and treeType is equal to SINGLE TREE or DUAL_TREE_CHROMA, the following applies: When treeType is equal to DUAL_TREE_CHROMA, the variable Qp_(Y) is set equal to the luma quantization parameter Qp_(Y) of the luma coding unit that covers the luma location (xCb + cbWidth / 2, yCb + cbHeight / 2). The variables qP_(Cb), qP_(Cr) and qP_(CbCr) arc derived as follows: qPi_(Cb) = Clip3(-QpBdOffset_(C), 69, Qp_(Y) + pps_cb_qp_offset + slice cb_qp_offset) qPi_(Cr) = Clip3(-QpBdOffset_(C), 69, Qp_(Y) + pps_cr_qp_offset + slice cr_qp_offset) qPi_(CbCr) = Clip3(-QpBdOffset_(C), 69, Qp_(Y) + pps_joint_cbcr_qp_offset + slice_joint_c bcr_qp_offset) If ChromaArrayType is equal to 1, the variables qP_(Cb), qP_(Cr) and qP_(CbCr) are set equal to the value of Qp_(C) as specified in-Table 8-15 based on the index qPi equal to qPi_(Cb), qPi_(Cr) and qPi_(CbCr), respectively clause 7.x.x Otherwise, the variables qP_(Cb), qP_(Cr) and qP_(CbCr) are set equal to Min(qPi,63), based on the index qPi equal to qPi_(Cb), qPi_(Cr) and qPi_(CbCr), respectively. The chroma quantization parameters for the Cb and Cr components, Qp′_(Cb) and Qp′_(Cr), and joint Cb-Cr coding Qp′_(CbCr) arc derived as follows: Qp′_(Cb) = qP_(Cb) + QpBdOffset_(C) QP′_(Cr) = qP_(Cr) + QpBdOffset_(C) Qp′_(CbCr) = qP_(CbCr) + QpBdOffset_(C)

Referring to Table 16, a derivation process for luma and chroma quantization parameter may be started based on the fact that an input for the process is a luma location (xCb, yCb), a parameter cbWidth and cbHeight designating the width and height of a current coding block, and a parameter treeType designating a single tree or a dual tree. Meanwhile, as in the aforementioned contents, a luma quantization parameter and a chroma quantization parameter may be represented as Qp′_(Y), Qp′_(Cb) and Qp′_(Cr).

Furthermore, this document proposes another embodiment in which information for a quantization parameter is signaled.

For example, the present embodiment proposes an example in which a flag within as an SPS has a user defined mode or a default mode, syntax elements which may be used to control the derivation of a quantization parameter are used. An example of a syntax element which may be used to derive a quantization parameter may be the same as the following tables. Meanwhile, a structure of the syntax elements is not limited to a structure illustrated in the following tables, for example.

TABLE 17 pic_parameter_set_rbsp( ) { Descriptor   pps_pic_parameter_set_id ue(v) ...   Qpc_data_default_flag u(l) ...

TABLE 18 slice_header( ) { Descriptor   slice_pic_parameter_set_id ue(v) ...   if(!Qpc_data_default_flag)    slice_Qp_(C)_aps_id u(5)   byte_alignment( ) }

TABLE 19 adaptation_parameter_set_rbsp( ) { Descriptor adaptation_parameter_set_id u(5) aps_params_type u(3) if( aps_params_type == ALF_APS )  alf_datafadaptation_parameter_set _id ) else if ( aps_params_type == LMCS_APS)  lmcs_data() else if ( aps_params_type = = Qpc_APS ) // 2  Qp_(C)_data( ) aps_extension_flag u(l) if( aps_extension_flag )  while( more_rbsp_data( ) )   aps_extension_data_flag u(1)  rbsp_trailing_bits( ) }

For example, the syntax element Qpc_data_default_flag may represent whether a user defined mode is used for the derivation of a quantization parameter. For example, Qpc_data_default_flag having a value of 0 may represent that the user defined mode is used for the derivation of a quantization parameter. Furthermore, for example, Qpc_data_default_flag having a value of 1 may represent that a default table is used for the derivation of a chroma quantization parameter. In this case, the default table may be the same as Table 7. Furthermore, if the syntax element Qpc_data_ default_flag is not present, the syntax element Qpc _data_ default flag may be inferred as 1.

Meanwhile, if the user defined mode is used, a corresponding slice header, tile group/header, or another proper header may be used to signal an APS ID. For example, as in Table 18, a syntax element representing an APS ID through a slice header may be signaled.

For example, the syntax element slice_Qp_(c)_aps_id may represent adaptation_parameter _set _id of a Qp_(c) APS referred to by a slice. TemporalId of a Qp_(c) APS NAL unit having adaptation_parameter_set_id, such as slice_Qp_(c)_aps_id, may be smaller than or equal to TemporalId of a coded slice NAL unit. If a plurality of Qp_(c) APSs having adaptation_parameter_set_id having the same value is referred to by two or more slices of the same picture, a plurality of Qp_(c) APSs having adaptation_parameter_set_id having the same value may have the same content.

Furthermore, an APS structure that transfers chroma quantization data, which is proposed in the present embodiment, may be the same as Table 19.

For example, the syntax element adaptation_parameter_set_id may provide an identifier of an APS referred to by other syntax elements.

Furthermore, for example, the syntax element aps _extension flag may represent whether aps_extension_data_flag syntax elements are present in an APS RBSP syntax structure. For example, the syntax element aps _extension flag having a value of 1 may represent that the aps _extension __data_ flag syntax elements are present in an APS RBSP syntax structure. The syntax element aps _extension flag having a value of 0 may represent that the aps _extension _data_ flag syntax elements are not present in an APS RBSP syntax structure.

Furthermore, for example, the syntax element aps _extension _data_ flag may have any value. The presence (presence and value) of the aps _extension _data_ flag may not affect decoding suitability for a profile specified in a version of this standard. For example, the decoding apparatus following a version of this standard may ignore all of the syntax elements aps_extension_data_flag.

Furthermore, for example, the syntax element aps_params_type may represent the type of APS parameters included in an APS as illustrated in Table 10.

Qpc_data() disclosed in Table 19 may be signaled as in the following table.

TABLE 20 Qp_(C)_data () { Descriptor   qPi_min_idx ue(v)   qPi_delta_max_idx ue(v)   Qp_(C) prec_minus1 ue(v)   Qp_(C)_init_val ue(v)   for (i = qPi_min_idx + 1; i <= qPiMaxldx; i++ )    Qp_(C)_qPi_delta_val[ i ] ue(v)   QpOffset_(C) ue(v) }

For example, the syntax element qPi_min_idx may represent a minimum qPi index used in chroma quantization.

Furthermore, for example, the syntax element qPi_delta_max_idx may represent a delta value between Qpi_min_idx and a maximum qPi index used in chroma Qp_(c) derivation. A value of qPiMaxIdx may be greater than or equal to qPi_min_idx. For example, a maximum index qPiMaxIdx used in Qp_(c) derivation may be derived like Equation 4.

Furthermore, for example, a value obtained by adding 1 to the syntax element Qp_(c)_prec_minus1 may represent the number of bits used for the representation of the syntax lmcs_delta_abs_cw[i]. A value of Qp_(c)_prec_minus1 may be in a range of 0 to BitDepth_(Y) - 2.

Furthermore, for example, the syntax element Qp_(c)_init_val may represent a Qpc value corresponding to qPi _min_idx.

Furthermore, for example, the syntax element Qpc_qPi_delta_ val[i] may represent the delta of a Qpc value for an i-th index.

Furthermore, for example, the syntax element QpOffsetc may represent an offset value used for the derivation of Qp_(c).

For example, a parameter QpcIdx[qPi] for qPi may be derived as follows. In this case, the qPi may be 0 to qPiMaxIdx.

-   When qPi < qPi_min_idx, QpcIdx[qPi] may be set identically with qPi. -   When qPi = qPi min _idx... qPiMaxIdx, QpcIdx[qPi] may be set as     Qp_(c)_qPi_delta_ val[qPi] + QpcIdx[qPi-1]. -   When qPi > qPiMaxIdx, QpcIdx[qPi] may be set as qPi QpOffsetc.

Thereafter, a value of Qpc may be derived as QpcIdx[qPi].

As in the aforementioned embodiment, a chroma quantization parameter, that is, Qp′ Cb, Qp′ Cr, and Qp′ CbCr, may be derived using signaled user defined information or a default value illustrated in a default table, such as Table 7.

For example, in the present embodiment, if a process of deriving a quantization parameter is written in a standard format, the process may be represented as in the following table.

TABLE 21 Derivation process for quantization parameters Inputs to this process are: a luma location ( xCb, yCb ) specifying the top-left luma sample of the current coding block relative to the top-left luma sample of the current picture, a variable cbWidth specifying the width of the current coding block in luma samples, a variable cbHeight specifying the height of the current coding block in luma samples, a variable treeType specifying whether a single tree (SINGLE_TREE) or a dual tree is used to partition the CTUs and, when a dual tree is used, whether the luma (DUAL_TREE_LUMA) or chroma components (DUAL_TREE_CHROMA) are currently processed. In this process, the luma quantization parameter Qp′_(Y) and the chroma uantization parameters Qp′_(Cb) and Qp′_(Cr) are derived. The luma location ( xQg, yQg), specifies the top-left luma sample of the current quantization group relative to the top left luma sample of the current picture. The horizontal and vertical positions xQg and yQg are set equal to CuQgTopLeftX and CuQgTopLeftY, respectively. NOTE - : The current quantization group is a rectangluar region inside a coding tree block that shares the same qP_(Y_) _(PRED). Its width and height are equal to the width and height of the coding tree node of which the top-left luma sample position is assigned to the variables CuQgTopLeftX and CuQgTopLeftY. When treeType is equal to SINGLE_TREE or DUAL_TREE_LUMA, the predicted luma quantization parameter qP_(Y_PRED) is derived by the following ordered steps: 1.The variable qP_(Y_PREV) is derived as follows: If one or more of the following conditions are true, qP_(Y) _(_PREV) is set equal to SliceQpy: The current quantization group is the first quantization group in a slice. The current quantization group is the first quantization group in a brick. Otherwise, qP_(Y) _(_PREV) is set 2. The availability derivation process for a block as specified in clause 6.4.X [Ed. (BB): Neighbouring blocks availability checking process tbd] is invoked with the location ( xCurr, yCurr ) set equal to ( xCb, yCb ) and the neighbouring location ( xNbY, yNbY ) set equal to ( xQg - 1, yQg ) as inputs, and the output is assigned to availableA. The variable qP_(Y) _(_A) is derived as follows: If one or more of the following conditions are true, qP_(Y) _(_A) is set equal to qP_(Y_PREV): availableA is equal to FALSE. the CTB address ctbAddrA of the CTB containing the luma coding block covering the luma location ( xQg - 1, yQg ) is not equal to CtbAddrInBs, where ctbAddrA is derived as follows: xTmp = (xQg -1) >> MinTbLog2SizeY yTmp = yQg >> MinTbLog2SizeY minTbAddrA = MinTbAddrZs[ xTmp ] [ yTmp ] ctbAddrA = minTbAddrA >> ( 2 * ( CtbLog2SizeY - MinTbLog2SizeY ) ) Otherwise, qP_(Y) _(_A) is set equal to the luma quantization parameter Qp_(Y) of the coding unit containing the luma coding block covering ( xQg - 1, yQg ). 3. The availability derivation process for a block as specified in clause 6.4.X [Ed. (BB): Neighbouring blocks availability checking process tbd] is invoked with the location ( xCurr, yCurr ) set equal to ( xCb, yCb ) and the neighbouring location ( xNbY, yNbY ) set equal to ( xQg, yQg - 1 ) as inputs, and the output is assigned to availableB. The variable qP_(Y_) _(B) is derived as follows: If one or more of the following conditions are true, qP_(Y_B) is set equal to qP_(Y_) _(PREV): availableB is equal to FALSE. the CTB address ctbAddrB of the CTB containing the luma coding block covering the luma location ( xQg, yQg - 1 ) is not equal to CtbAddrInBs, where ctbAddrB is derived as follows: xTmp = xQg >> MinTbLog2SizeY yTmp = (yQg -1) >> MinTbLog2SizeY minTbAddrB = MinTbAddrZs[ xTmp ] [ yTmp ] ctbAddrB = minTbAddrB >> ( 2 * ( CtbLog2SizeY - MinTbLog2SizeY )) (8-922) Otherwise, qP_(Y_) _(B) is set equal to the luma quantization parameter Qp_(Y) of the coding unit containing the luma coding block covering ( xQg, yQg - 1 ). 4. The predicted luma quantization parameter qP_(Y_) _(PRED) is derived as follows: If all the following conditions are true, then qP_(Y)__(PRED) is set equal to the luma quantization parameter Qp_(Y) of the coding unit containing the luma coding block covering ( xQg, yQg - 1): availableB is equal to TRUE. the current quantization group is the first quantization group in a CTB row within a brick Otherwise, qP_(Y) _(_PRED) is derived as follows: qP_(Y)__(PRED) = ( qP_(Y) _(_A) + qP_(Y_) _(B) + 1) >> 1 The variable Qp_(Y) is derived as follows: QP_(Y) = ( ( qP_(Y)__(PRED) + CuQpDeltaVal + 64 + 2 * QpBdOffset_(Y) )%( 64 + QpBdOffset_(Y))) - QpBdOffset_(Y) The luma quantization parameter Qp′_(Y) is derived as follows: Qp′_(Y) = Qp_(Y) + QpBdOffset_(Y) When ChromaArrayType is not equal to 0 and treeType is equal to SINGLE_TREE or DUAL_TREE_CHROMA, the following applies: When treeType is equal to DUAL_TREE_CHROMA, the variable Qp_(Y) is set equal to the luma quantization parameter Qp_(Y) of the luma coding unit that covers the luma location ( xCb + cbWidth / 2, yCb + cbHeight / 2 ). The variables qP_(Cb), qP_(Cr) and qP_(CbCr) are derived as follows: qPi_(Cb) = Clip3( -QpBdOffset_(C), 69, Qp_(Y) + pps_cb_qp_offset + slice_cb_qp_offset ) qPi_(Cr) = Clip3( -QpBdOffset_(C), 69, Qp_(Y) + pps_cr_qp_offset + slice_cr_qp_offset ) qPi_(CbCr) = Clp3( -QpBdOffset_(C), 69, Qp_(Y) + pps_joint_cbcr_qp_offset + slice_joi nt_cbcr_qp_offset) If ChromaArrayType is equal to 1, the variables qP_(Cb), qP _(Cr) and qP_(CbCr) are set equal to the value of Qp_(C) as specified in 8-15 based on the index qPi equal to qPi_(Cb), qPi_(Cr) and qPi_(CbCr), respectively clause 7.x.x Otherwise, the variables qP_(Cb), qP_(Cr) and qP_(CbCr) are set equal to Min( qPi, 63 ), based on the index qPi equal to qPi_(Cb), qPi_(Cr) and qPi_(CbCr), respectively. The chroma quantization parameters for the Cb and Cr components, Qp′_(Cb) and Qp′_(Cr), and joint Cb-Cr coding Qp ‘_(CbCr) are derived as follows: Qp′_(Cb) = qP_(Cb) + QpBdOffset_(C) QP′_(Cr) = qP_(Cr) + QpBdOffset_(C) QP′_(CbCr) = qP_(CbCr) + QpBdOffset_(C)

8-15 - Specification of Qp_(c) as a function of qPi for ChromaArrayType equal to 1

Referring to Table 21, when ChromaArrayType is 1 and Qp_(c)_data_default_flag indicates false (i.e., for example, when Qp_(c)_data_default_flag is 0), the parameters qP_(Cb), qPcr and qP_(CbCr) may be derived based on signaled user defined information as proposed in the present embodiment. When ChromaArrayType is 1 and Qp_(c)__data_ default flag indicates true (i.e., for example, when Qp_(c)_data_default_flag is 1), the parameters qP_(Cb), qP_(Cr) and qP_(CbCr) may be derived by a default table based on the same indices qPic_(b), qPicr and qPi_(CbCr), respectively.

Furthermore, this document proposes another embodiment in which information for a quantization parameter is signaled.

For example, the present embodiment proposes syntax elements which may be used to control the derivation of a quantization parameter by indicating a user defined mode or a default mode through the flag of an SPS. Specifically, the present embodiment proposes a scheme for signaling the syntax elements of the following syntax structure. Meanwhile, a structure of the syntax elements is an example, and is not limited to a structure illustrated in the following table.

TABLE 22 Qp_(C)_data () { Descriptor   qPi_min_idx ue(v)   qPi_delta_max_idx ue(v)   for (i = qPi min idx; i <= qPiMaxIdx, i++ )    Qp_(C)_qPi_delta_val[ i ] ue(v)   QpOffset_(C) ue(v) }

For example, the syntax element qPi_min_idx may represent a minimum qPi index used in chroma quantization.

Furthermore, for example, the syntax element qPi_delta_max_idx may represent a delta value between Qpi_min_idx and a maximum qPi index used in chroma Qp_(c) derivation. A value of qPiMaxIdx may be greater than or equal to qPi_min_idx. For example, maximum index qPiMaxIdx used in Qp_(c) derivation may be derived like Equation 4.

Furthermore, for example, the syntax element Qpc_qPi_delta_ val[i] may represent the delta of a Qpc value for an i-th index.

Furthermore, for example, the syntax element QpOffsetc may represent an offset value used in the derivation of Qp_(c), such as the aforementioned contents.

As in the aforementioned embodiment, chroma quantization parameter, that is, Qp′ Cb, Qp′ Cr and Qp′ CbCr may be derived using signaled user defined information or a default value used in a default table, such as Table 7.

For example, in the present embodiment, if a process of deriving a quantization parameter is written in a standard format, the process may be represented as in the following table.

TABLE 23 Derivation process for quantization parameters Inputs to this process are: a luma location ( xCb, yCb ) specifying the top-left luma sample of the current coding block relative to the top-left luma sample of the current picture, a variable cbWidth specifying the width of the current coding block in luma samples, a variable cbHeight specifying the height of the current coding block in luma samples, a variable treeType specifying whether a single tree (SINGLE_TREE) or a dual tree is used to partition the CTUs and, when a dual tree is used, whether the luma (DUAL_TREE_LUMA) or chroma components (DUAL_TREE_CHROMA) are currently processed. In this process, the luma quantization parameter Qp′_(Y) and the chroma quantization parameters Qp′_(Cb) and Qp′_(Cr) are derived. The luma location ( xQg, yQg), specifies the top-left luma sample of the current quantization group relative to the top left luma sample of the current picture. The horizontal and vertical positions xQg and yQg are set equal to CuQgTopLeftX and CuQgTopLeftY, respectively. NOTE - : The current quantization group is a rectangluar region inside a coding tree block that shares the same qP_(Y_) _(PRED). Its width and height are equal to the width and height of the coding tree node of which the top-left luma sample position is assigned to the variables CuQgTopLeftX and CuQgTopLeftY. When treeType is equal to SINGLE_TREE or DUAL_TREE_LUMA, the predicted luma quantization parameter qP_(Y_PRED) is derived by the following ordered steps: 1. The variable qP_(Y) _(_PREV) is derived as follows: If one or more of the following conditions are true, qP_(Y) _(_PREV) is set equal to SliceQp_(Y): The current quantization group is the first quantization group in a slice. The current quantization group is the first quantization group in a brick. Otherwise, qP_(Y) _(_PREV) is set 2. The availability derivation process for a block as specified in clause 6.4.X [Ed. (BB): Neighbouring blocks availability checking process tbd] is invoked with the location ( xCurr, yCurr ) set equal to (xCb, yCb ) and the neighbouring location ( xNbY, yNbY ) set equal to ( xQg - 1, yQg ) as inputs, and the output is assigned to availableA. The variable qP_(Y) _(_A) is derived as follows: If one or more of the following conditions are true, qP_(Y) _(_A) is set equal to qP_(Y_PREV): availableA is equal to FALSE. the CTB address ctbAddrA of the CTB containing the luma coding block covering the luma location ( xQg - 1, yQg ) is not equal to CtbAddrInBs, where ctbAddrA is derived as follows: xTmp = ( xQg - 1 ) >> MinTbLog2SizeY yTmp = yQg >> MinTbLog2SizeY minTbAddrA = MinTbAddrZs[ xTmp ] [ yTmp ] ctbAddrA = minTbAddrA >> ( 2 * ( CtbLog2SizeY - MinTbLog2SizeY ) ) Otherwise, qP_(Y) _(_A) is set equal to the luma quantization parameter Qp_(Y) of the coding unit containing the luma coding block covering ( xQg - 1, yQg). 3. The availability derivation process for a block as specified in clause 6.4.X [Ed. (BB): Neighbouring blocks availability checking process tbd] is invoked with the location (xCurr, yCurr ) set equal to ( xCb, yCb ) and the neighbouring location ( xNbY, yNbY ) set equal to ( xQg, yQg - 1 ) as inputs, and the output is assigned to availableB. The variable qP_(Y_B) is derived as follows: If one or more of the following conditions are true, qP_(Y_B) is set equal to qP_(Y_) _(PREV): availableB is equal to FALSE. the CTB address ctbAddrB of the CTB containing the luma coding block covering the luma location ( xQg, yQg - 1) is not equal to CtbAddrInBs, where ctbAddrB is derived as follows: xTmp = xQg >> MinTbLog2SizeY yTmp = (yQg -1) >> MinTbLog2SizeY minTbAddrB = MinTbAddrZs[ xTmp ][ yTmp ] ctbAddrB = minTbAddrB >> ( 2 * ( CtbLog2SizeY - MinTbLog2SizeY )) (8-922) Otherwise, qP_(Y_) _(B) is set equal to the luma quantization parameter Qp_(Y) of the coding unit containing the luma coding block covering ( xQg, yQg - 1). 4. The predicted luma quantization parameter qP_(Y_PRED) is derived as follows: If all the following conditions are true, then qP_(Y_) _(PRED) is set equal to the luma quantization parameter Qp_(Y) of the coding unit containing the luma coding block covering (xQg, yQg - 1): availableB is equal to TRUE. the current quantization group is the first quantization group in a CTB row within a brick Otherwise, qP_(Y_) _(PRED) is derived as follows: qP_(Y)__(PRED) = ( qP_(Y) _(_A) + qP_(Y)__(B) + 1) » 1 The variable Qp_(Y) is derived as follows: Qp_(Y) = ( ( qP_(Y_PRED) + CuQpDeltaVal + 64 + 2 * QpBdOffset_(Y) )%( 64 + QpBdOffset_(Y))) - QpBdOffset_(Y) The luma quantization parameter Qp′_(Y) is derived as follows: QP′_(Y) = Qp_(Y) + QpBdOffset_(Y) When ChromaArrayType is not equal to 0 and treeType is equal to SINGLE_TREE or DUAL_TREE_CHROMA, the following applies: When treeType is equal to DUAL_TREE_CHROMA, the variable Qp_(Y) is set equal to the luma quantization parameter Qp_(Y) of the luma coding unit that covers the luma location ( xCb + cbWidth / 2, yCb + cbHeight / 2 ). The variables qP_(Cb), qP_(Cr) and qP_(CbCr) are derived as follows: qPi_(Cb) = Clip3( -QpBdOffset_(C), 69, Qp_(Y) + pps_cb_qp_offset + slice_cb_qp_offset ) qPi_(Cr) = Clip3( -QpBdOffset_(C), 69, Qp_(Y) + pps_cr_qp_offset + slice_cr_qp_offset ) qPi_(CbCr) = Clip3( -QpBdOffset_(C), 69, Qp_(Y) + pps_joint_cbcr_qp_offset + slice_joi nt_cbcr_qp_offset) - If ChromaArrayType is equal to 1, and Qpc _data _default flag is equal to FALSE, the variables qP_(Cb,) qP_(Cr) and qP_(CbCr) are set equal to the value of Qp_(C) based on the index qPi equal to qPi_(Cb,) qPi_(Cr) and qPi_(CbCr), respectively as described below: The variable Qp_(C)Idx[ i ] is derived as follows: For i < qPi_min_idx, Qp_(C)Idx[ i ] is set equal to qPi. For i = qPi_min_idx ... qPiMaxldx, the following applies: Qp_(C)ldx[ i ] = Qp_(C)_qPi_delta_val[ i ] + Qp_(C)ldx[ i -1] For i > qPiMaxldx, Qp_(C)Idx[ i ] = qPi - QpOffset_(C) The value of Qp_(C) is derived as Qp_(C)ldx[qPi] If ChromaArrayType is equal to 1, and Qpc_data_default_flag is equal to TRUE, the variables qP_(Cb), qP_(Cr) and qP_(CbCr) are specified in 8-15 based on the index qPi equal to qPi_(Cb), qPi_(Cr) and qPi_(CbCr), respectively Otherwise, the variables qP_(Cb), qP_(Cr) and qP_(CbCr) are set equal to Min( qPi, 63 ), based on the index qPi equal to qPi_(Cb), qPi_(Cr) and qPi_(CbCr), respectively. The chroma quantization parameters for the Cb and Cr components, Qp′_(Cb) and Qp′_(Cr), and joint Cb-Cr coding Qp ‘_(CbCr) are derived as follows: QP′_(Cb) = qP_(Cb) + QpBdOffset_(C) Qp′_(Cr) = qP_(Cr) + QpBdOffset_(C) Qp′_(CbCr) = qP_(CbCr) + QpBdOffset_(C) 8-15 - Specification of Qp_(C) as a function of qPi for ChromaArrayType equal to 1

Referring to Table 23, when ChromaArrayType is 1 and Qp_(c_)data_default_flag indicates false (i.e., for example, when Qp_(c)_data_default_flag is 0), the parameters qP_(Cb), qP_(Cr) and qP_(CbCr) may be derived based on signaled user defined information as proposed in the present embodiment. For example, when ChromaArrayType is 1 and Qp_(c)_data_default_flag indicates false (i.e., for example, when Qp_(c)_data_default_flag is 0), the parameters qP_(Cb), qP_(Cr) and qP_(CbCr) may be derived identically with a value of Qpc based on the same indices qPi as qPi_(Cb), qPi_(Cr) and qPi_(CbCr), respectively, as follows.

For example, the parameter QpcIdx[i] may be derived as follows.

-   When i < qPi_min_idx, QpcIdx[qPi] may be set identically with qPi. -   When i = qPi_min_idx... qPiMaxIdx, QpcIdx[i] may be set as     Qpc_qPi_delta_val[i] + QpcIdx[i-1]. -   When i > qPiMaxIdx, QpcIdx[i] may be set as qPi QpOffsetc.

Thereafter, the Qpc may be set as the QpcIdx[i].

Furthermore, referring to Table 23, when ChromaArrayType is 1 and Qp_(c)_data_default_flag indicates true (i.e., for example, when Qp_(c) _data_ default flag is 1), the parameters qP_(Cb), qP_(Cr) and qP_(CbCr) may be derived by a default table based on the same indices qPi as qPi_(Cb), qPi_(Cr) and qPi_(CbCr), respectively.

Furthermore, this document proposes another embodiment in which information for a quantization parameter is signaled.

For example, the present embodiment proposes syntax elements for a chroma quantization (Qpc) derivation parameter in an adaptation parameter set (APS). For example, an APS ID may be signaled in a slice header. Furthermore, for example, there may be proposed a flag within a picture parameter set (PPS) that represents whether a default table is used or a table derived from information signaled in an APS is used. Furthermore, for example, if a default table is not used, an additional control scheme for supporting access to an APS including Qpc data may be added to a slice header.

Meanwhile, according to the existing video/image standard, chroma QP may be derived from luma QP, and may be updated by an additionally signaled chroma QP offset. The existing chroma quantization parameter Qpc table may be a default table, such as Table 7.

The present embodiment proposes adding a function for signaling a chroma quantization parameter Qpc as a function of an index qPi. An APS may be used to integrate signaling schemes of Qpc values.

For example, an APS according to the present embodiment may be the same as the following table.

TABLE 24 adaptation_parameter_set_rbsp( ) { Descriptor   adaptation_parameter_set_id u(5)   aps_params_type u(3)   if( aps_params_type ==ALF_APS )    alf_data(adaptation_parameter_set_id )   else if ( aps_params_type == LMCS_APS )    lmcs_data( )   else if ( aps_params_type == Qp_(C_)APS ) // 2    Qp_(C_)data( )   aps_extension_flag u(1)   if( aps_extension_flag )    while( more_rbsp_data( ) )     aps_extension_data_flag u(1)   rbsp_trailing_bits( ) }

For example, the syntax element adaptation_parameter_set_id may provide an identifier of an APS referred to by other syntax elements.

Furthermore, for example, the syntax element aps_params_type may represent the type of APS parameters included in an APS as illustrated in Table 10.

Furthermore, for example, the syntax element aps _extension _flag may represent whether the aps_extension_data_flag syntax elements are present in an APS RBSP syntax structure. For example, the syntax element aps_extension_flag having a value of 1 may represent that the aps_extension data_flag syntax elements are present in an APS RBSP syntax structure. The syntax element aps _extension _flag having a value of 0 may represent that the aps_extension_data_flag syntax elements are not present in an APS RBSP syntax structure.

Furthermore, for example, the syntax element aps_extension_data_flag may have any value. The presence (presence and value) of the aps_extension_data_flag may not affect decoding suitability for a profile specified in a version of this standard. For example, the decoding apparatus following a version of this standard may ignore all of the syntax elements aps_extension_data_flag.

Qp_(c)_data() disclosed in Table 24 may be signaled as in the following table.

TABLE 25 Qp_(C)_data () { Descriptor qPi_min_idx ue(v)   qPi_delta_max_idx ue(v)   for (i =qPi_min_idx; i <= qPiMaxIdx; i++ )    Qp_(C_)qPi_delta_val[ i ] ue(v)   p_(C)Offset_(C)_present_flag u(1)   if(Qp_(C)Offset_(C)_present_flag)    QpOffset_(C) ue(v) }

For example, the syntax element qPi_min_idx may represent a minimum qPi index used in chroma quantization. A value of qPi_min_idx may be in a range of 0 to 63.

Furthermore, for example, the syntax element qPi_delta_max_idx may represent a delta value between Qpi_min_idx and a maximum qPi index used in chroma Qp_(c) derivation. A value of qPiMaxIdx may be greater than or equal to qPi_min_idx. Furthermore, for example, a value of qPi_delta_max_idx may be in a range of 0 to 63. For example, a maximum index qPiMaxIdx used in Qpc derivation may be derived like Equation 4.

Furthermore, for example, the syntax element Qpc_qPi_delta_val[i] may represent a difference between Qpc values for an i-th index. The a difference may also be called a delta.

Furthermore, for example, the syntax element QpcOffsetc_present_flag may represent whether QpOffsetc is present in a bitstream. For example, QpcOffsetc_present_flag having a value of 1 may represent that QpOffsetc is present in a bitstream. Furthermore, for example, QpcOffsetc_present flag having a value of 0 may represent that QpOffsetc is not present in a bitstream. When QpcOffsetc_present_flag is not present, QpcOffsetc_present flag may be inferred as 0.

Furthermore, for example, the syntax element QpOffsetc may represent an offset value used in the derivation of Qp_(c).

For example, a parameter QpcIdx[qPi] for qPi may be derived as follows. In this case, the qPi may be 0 to 63.

-   When qPi < qPi_min_idx, QpcIdx[qPi] may be set identically with qPi. -   When qPi = qPi_min_idx... qPiMaxIdx, Qp_(C)Idx[qPi] may be set as     Qp_(C)_qPi_delta_val[qPi] + Qp_(C)Idx[qPi-1]. -   If qPi > qPiMaxIdx, when QpcOffsetc_present flag is 1,     Qp_(C)Idx[qPi] may be set as qPi - QpOffsetc. If     QpcOffsetc_present_flag is not 1, that is, if     QpcOffsetc_present_flag is 0, Qp_(C)Idx[qPi] may be set as qPi -     (qPiMaxIdx - QpcIdx[qPiMaxIdx]).

Thereafter, a value of Qp_(C) may be derived as Qp_(C)Idx[qPi].

Furthermore, the present embodiment proposes a flag signaled as a PPS as in the following table.

TABLE 26 pic_parameter_set_rbsp( ) { Descriptor   pps_pic_parameter_set_id ue(v) ...   Qpc_data_default_flag u(1) ...

For example, the syntax element Qp_(c)_data_default_flag may represent whether a user defined mode is used for quantization parameter derivation. For example, Qp_(c)_data_default_flag having a value of 0 may represent that a user defined mode is used for quantization parameter derivation. Furthermore, for example, Qp_(c)_data_default_flag having a value of 1 may represent that the aforementioned default table is used for quantization parameter derivation. The default table may be the same as Table 7. If Qp_(c)_data_default_flag is not present, Qp_(c_)data default _flag may be inferred as 1.

Furthermore, the present embodiment proposes a syntax element signaled as a slice header as in the following table.

TABLE 27 slice_header( ) { Descriptor   slice_pic_parameter_set_id ue(v) ...   if(!Qpc_data_default_flag)     slice_Qp_(C)_aps_id u(5) ...   byte_alignment( ) }

For example, the syntax element slice_Qp_(c)_aps_id may represent adaptation_parameter_set _id of a Qp_(c) APS referred to by a slice. TemporalId of a Qp_(c) APS NAL unit having adaptation_parameter_set_id, such as slice_Qp_(c)_aps_id, may be smaller than or the same as TemporalId of a coded slice NAL unit. If a plurality of Qp_(c) APSs having adaptation_parameter_set_id having the same value is referred to by two or more slices of the same picture, a plurality of Qp_(c) APSs having adaptation_parameter_set_id having the same value may have the same content.

For example, in the present embodiment, if a process of deriving a quantization parameter is written in a standard format, the process may be represented as in the following table.

TABLE 28 8.7.1 Derivation process for quantization parameters Inputs to this process are: a luma location ( xCb, yCb ) specifying the top-left luma sample of the current coding block relative to the top-left luma sample of the current picture, a variable cbWidth specifying the width of the current coding block in luma samples, a variable cbHeight specifying the height of the current coding block in luma samples, a variable treeType specifying whether a single tree (SINGLE_TREE) or a dual tree is used to partition the CTUs and, when a dual tree is used, whether the luma (DUAL_TREE_LUMA) or chroma components (DUAL_TREE_CHROMA) are currently processed. In this process, the luma quantization parameter Qp′_(Y) and the chroma quantization parameters Qp′_(Cb) and Qp′_(Cr) are derived. The luma location ( xQg, yQg), specifies the top-left luma sample of the current quantization group relative to the top left luma sample of the current picture. The horizontal and vertical positions xQg and yQg are set equal to CuQgTopLeftX and CuQgTopLeftY, respectively. NOTE - : The current quantization group is a rectangluar region inside a coding tree block that shares the same qP_(Y_PRED). Its width and height are equal to the width and height of the coding tree node of which the top-left luma sample position is assigned to the variables CuQgTopLeftX and CuQgTopLeftY. When treeType is equal to SINGLE_TREE or DUAL_TREE_LUMA, the predicted luma quantization parameter qP_(Y_PRED) is derived by the following ordered steps: 1. The variable qP_(Y_PREV) is derived as follows: If one or more of the following conditions are true, qP_(Y_PREV) is set equal to SliceQp_(Y): The current quantization group is the first quantization group in a slice. The current quantization group is the first quantization group in a brick. Otherwise, qP_(Y_PREV) is set 2. The availability derivation process for a block as specified in clause 6.4.X [Ed. (BB): Neighbouring blocks availability checking process tbd] is invoked with the location ( xCurr, yCurr ) set equal to (xCb, yCb ) and the neighbouring location ( xNbY, yNbY) set equal to ( xQg - 1, yQg ) as inputs, and the output is assigned to availableA. The variable qP_(Y_A) is derived as follows: If one or more of the following conditions are true, qP_(Y_A) is set equal to qP_(Y-PREV): availableA is equal to FALSE. the CTB address ctbAddrA of the CTB containing the luma coding block covering the luma location ( xQg - 1, yQg ) is not equal to CtbAddrInBs, where ctbAddrA is derived as follows: xTmp = ( xQg - 1 ) >> MinTbLog2SizeY yTmp = yQg >> MinTbLog2SizeY minTbAddrA = MinTbAddrZs[ xTmp ][ yTmp ] ctbAddrA = minTbAddrA >> ( 2 * ( CtbLog2SizeY - MinTbLog2SizeY ) ) Otherwise, qP_(Y_) _(A) is set equal to the luma quantization parameter Qp_(Y) of the coding unit containing the luma coding block covering ( xQg - 1, yQg ). 3. The availability derivation process for a block as specified in clause 6.4.X [Ed. (BB): Neighbouring blocks availability checking process tbd] is invoked with the location ( xCurr, yCurr ) set equal to ( xCb, yCb ) and the neighbouring location ( xNbY, yNbY) set equal to (xQg, yQg - 1) as inputs, and the output is assigned to availableB. The variable qP_(Y_B) is derived as follows: If one or more of the following conditions are true, qP_(Y_B) is set equal to qP_(Y_) _(PREV): availableB is equal to FALSE. the CTB address ctbAddrB of the CTB containing the luma coding block covering the luma location ( xQg, yQg - 1 ) is not equal to CtbAddrlnBs, where ctbAddrB is derived as follows: xTmp = xQg >> MinTbLog2SizeY yTmp = (yQg - 1) >> MinTbLog2SizeY minTbAddrB = MinTbAddrZs[ xTmp ][ yTmp ] ctbAddrB = minTbAddrB >> ( 2 * ( CtbLog2SizeY - MinTbLog2SizeY )) (8-922) Otherwise, qP_(Y_) _(B) is set equal to the luma quantization parameter Qp_(Y) of the coding unit containing the luma coding block covering ( xQg, yQg - 1 ). 4. The predicted luma quantization parameter qP_(Y_PRED) is derived as follows: If all the following conditions are true, then qP_(Y_PRED) is set equal to the luma quantization parameter Qp_(Y) of the coding unit containing the luma coding block covering ( xQg, yQg - 1): availableB is equal to TRUE. the current quantization group is the first quantization group in a CTB row within a brick Otherwise, qP_(Y_PRED) is derived as follows: qP_(Y) _(_PRED) =( qP_(Y_) _(A) + qP_(Y) _(B) + 1 ) >> 1 The variable Qp_(Y) is derived as follows: QP_(Y) = ( ( qP_(Y_PRED) + CuQpDeltaVal + 64 + 2 * QpBdOffset_(Y) )%( 64 + QpBdOffset_(Y))) - QpBdOffset_(Y) The luma quantization parameter Qp′_(Y) is derived as follows: Qp′_(Y) = QP_(Y) + QpBdOffset_(Y) When ChromaArrayType is not equal to 0 and treeType is equal to SINGLE_TREE or DUAL_TREE_CHROMA, the following applies: When treeType is equal to DUAL_TREE_CHROMA, the variable Qp_(Y) is set equal to the luma quantization parameter Qp_(Y) of the luma coding unit that covers the luma location (xCb + cbWidth / 2, yCb + cbHeight / 2 ). The variables qP_(Cb), qP_(Cr) and qP_(CbCr) are derived as follows: qPi_(Cb) = Clip3( -QpBdOffset_(C), 69, Qp_(Y) + pps_cb_qp_offset + slice_cb_qp_offset ) qPi_(Cr) = Clip3( -QpBdOffset_(C), 69, Qp_(Y) + pps_cr_qp_offset + slice_cr_qp_offset ) qPi_(CbCr) = Clip3( -QpBdOffset_(C), 69, Qp_(Y) + pps_joint_cbcr_qp_offset + slice_joi nt_cbcr qp_offset ) If ChromaArrayType is equal to 1, and Qpc_data_default_flag is equal to FALSE, the variables qP_(Cb,) qP_(Cr) and qP_(CbCr) are set equal to the value of Qp_(C) as specified in clause 7.x.x based on the index qPi equal to qPi_(Cb), qPi_(Cr) and qPi_(CbCr), respectively If ChromaArrayType is equal to 1, and Qpc_data_default_flag is equal to TRUE, the variables qP_(Cb,) qP_(Cr) and qP_(CbCr) are specified in 8-15 based on the index qPi equal to qPi_(Cb), qPi_(Cr) and qPi_(CbC), respectively Otherwise, the variables qP_(Cb,) qP_(Cr) and qP_(CbCr) are set equal to Min( qPi, 63 ), based on the index qPi equal to qPi_(Cb), qPi_(Cr) and qPi_(CbCr), respectively. The chroma quantization parameters for the Cb and Cr components, Qp′_(Cb) and Qp′_(Cr), and joint Cb-Cr coding Qp′_(CbCr) are derived as follows: Qp′_(Cb) = qP_(Cb) + QpBdOffset_(C) Qp′_(Cr) =qP_(Cr) + QpBdOffset_(C) QP′_(CbCr) =qP_(CbCr) + QpBdOffset_(C) 8-15 - Specification of Qp_(C) as a function of qPi for ChromaArrayType equal to 1

Referring to Table 28, when ChromaArrayType is 1 and Qp_(c_)data_default_flag indicates false (i.e., for example, when Qp_(c)_data_default_flag is 0), the parameters qP_(Cb,) qP_(Cr) and qP_(CbCr) may be derived based on signaled user defined information as proposed in the present embodiment. Furthermore, for example, when ChromaArrayType is 1 and Qp_(c)_data_default_flag indicates true (i.e., for example, when Qp_(c)_data_default_flag is 1), the parameters qP_(Cb), qP_(Cr) and qP_(CbCr) may be derived by a default table based on the same indices qPi as qPi_(Cb), qPi_(Cr) and qPi_(CbCr), respectively.

Furthermore, this document proposes another embodiment in which information for a quantization parameter is signaled.

For example, in the present embodiment, it is proposed that user defined derivation of chroma quantization is signaled in an SPS as follows. For example, the present embodiment proposes user defined chroma quantization (Qpc). For example, the flag of an SPS may represent whether a default table is used for chroma quantization derivation or the contents of the table for chroma quantization derivation is derived in information signaled in the SPS.

For example, the present embodiment proposes a scheme for performing chroma quantization as a function of an index qPi by using syntax elements illustrated in the following table.

TABLE 29 Qp_(C)_data( ) { Descriptor  qPi_min_idx ue(v)  qPi_delta_max_idx ue(v)  for ( i = qPi_min_idx; i <= qPiMaxIdx; i++ )   Qp_(C)_qPi_delta_val[ i ] ue(v) }

For example, the syntax element qPi_min_idx may represent a minimum qPi index used in chroma quantization. A value of qPi_min _idx may be in a range of 0 to 63.

Furthermore, for example, the syntax element qPi_delta_max_idx may represent a delta value between Qpi_min_idx and a maximum qPi index used in chroma Qp_(c) derivation. A value of qPiMaxIdx may be greater than or equal to qPi_min_idx. A value of qPi_delta_max_idx may be in a range of 0 to 63. For example, a maximum index qPiMaxIdx used in Qp_(c) derivation may be derived like Equation 4.

Furthermore, for example, the syntax element Qp_(C)_qPi_delta_val[i] may represent the delta of a Qpc value for an i-th index.

For example, a parameter Qp_(C)Idx[qPi] may be derived as follows.

-   When qPi < qPi_min_idx, Qp_(C)Idx[qPi] may be set identically with     qPi. -   When qPi = qPi_min_idx... qPiMaxIdx, Qp_(C)Idx[qPi] may be set as     Qp_(C)_qPi_delta_val[qPi] + Qp_(C)Idx[qPi-1]. -   When qPi > qPiMaxIdx, Qp_(C)Idx[qPi] may be set as qPi - (qPiMaxIdx     -Qp_(C)Idx[qPiMaxIdx]).

Thereafter, the Qp_(C) may be set as the QpcIdx[qPi].

Furthermore, the flag of an SPS representing whether a default table is used for chroma quantization derivation or whether signaled information signaled information is used for chroma quantization derivation, which is proposed in the present embodiment, may be the same as the following table.

TABLE 30 seq_parameter_set_rbsp( ) { Descriptor  sps_decoding_parameter_set_id u(4) ...  Qpc_data_default_flag u(1) if(! Qp_(C)_data_default_flag)  Qp_(C)_data( ) ...

For example, the syntax element Qp_(c)_data_default_flag may represent whether a user defined mode is used for the derivation of a quantization parameter. For example, Qp_(c)_data_default_flag having a value of 0 may represent that a user defined mode is used for the derivation of a quantization parameter. Furthermore, for example, Qp_(c)_data_default_flag having a value of 1 may represent that a default table is used for the derivation of a quantization parameter. The default table may be the same as Table 7. Furthermore, if Qp_(c)_data_default_flag is not present, the Qp_(c)_data_default_flag may be inferred as 1.

For example, according to the present embodiment, if a process of deriving a quantization parameter is written in a standard format, the process may be represented as in the following table.

TABLE 31 8.7.1 Derivation process for quantization parameters Inputs to this process are: a luma location ( xCb, yCb ) specifying the top-left luma sample of the current coding block relative to the top-left luma sample of the current picture, a variable cbWidth specifying the width of the current coding block in luma samples, a variable cbHeight specifying the height of the current coding block in luma samples, a variable treeType specifying whether a single tree (SINGLE_TREE) or a dual tree is used to partition the CTUs and, when a dual tree is used, whether the luma (DUAL_TREE_LUMA) or chroma components (DUAL_TREE_CHROMA) are currently processed. In this process, the luma quantization parameter Qp′_(Y) and the chroma quantization parameters Qp′_(Cb) and Qp′_(Cr) are derived. The luma location (xQg, yQg), specifies the top-left lum a sample of the current quantization group relative to the top left luma sample of the current picture. The horizontal and vertical positions xQg and yQg are set equal to CuQgTopLeftX and CuQgTopLeftY, respectively. NOTE - : The current quantization group is a rectangluar region inside a coding tree block that shares the same qP_(Y_) _(PRED). Its width and height are equal to the width and height of the coding tree node of which the top-left luma sample position is assigned to the variables CuQgTopLeftX and CuQgTopLeftY. When treeType is equal to SINGLE_TREE or DUAL_TREE_LUMA, the predicted luma quantization parameter qP_(Y_) _(_PRED) is derived by the following ordered steps: 1.The variable qP_(Y_) _(PREV) is derived as follows: If one or more of the following conditions are true, qP_(Y_) _(PREY) is set equal to SliceQp_(Y): The current quantization group is the first quantization group in a slice. The current quantization group is the first quantization group in a brick. Otherwise, qP_(Y_) _(PREV) is set 2. The availability derivation process for a block as specified in clause 6.4.X [Ed. (BB): Neighbouring blocks availability checking process tbd] is invoked with the location ( xCurr, yCurr ) set equal to (xCb, yCb ) and the neighbouring location ( xNbY, yNbY) set equal to ( xQg - 1, yQg ) as inputs, and the output is assigned to availableA. The variable qP_(Y_A) is derived as follows: If one or more of the following conditions are true, qP_(Y) _(_A) is set equal to qP_(Y_PREV): availableA is equal to FALSE. the CTB address ctbAddrA of the CTB containing the luma coding block covering the luma location (xQg - 1, yQg ) is not equal to CtbAddrInBs, where ctbAddrA is derived as follows: xTmp = ( xQg - 1 ) >> MinTbLog2SizeY yTmp = yQg » MinTbLog2SizeY minTbAddrA = MinTbAddrZs[ xTmp ][ yTmp ] ctbAddrA = minTbAddrA >> (2 * ( CtbLog2SizeY - MinTbLog2SizeY ) ) Otherwise, qP_(Y_) _(A) is set equal to the luma quantization parameter Qp_(Y) of the coding unit containing the luma coding block covering ( xQg - 1, yQg). 3. The availability derivation process for a block as specified in clause 6.4.X [Ed. (BB): Neighbouring blocks availability checking process tbd] is invoked with the location ( xCurr, yCurr ) set equal to ( xCb, yCb ) and the neighbouring location ( xNbY, yNbY) set equal to (xQg, yQg - 1) as inputs, and the output is assigned to availableB. The variable qP_(Y_B) is derived as follows: If one or more of the following conditions are true, qP_(Y_B) is set equal to qP_(Y_) _(PRE)Y: availableB is equal to FALSE. the CTB address ctbAddrB of the CTB containing the luma coding block covering the luma location (xQg, yQg - 1 ) is not equal to CtbAddrlnBs, where ctbAddrB is derived as follows: xTmp = xQg >> MinTbLog2SizeY yTmp = (yQg - 1) >> MinTbLog2SizeY minTbAddrB = MinTbAddrZs[ xTmp ][ yTmp ] ctbAddrB = minTbAddrB >> ( 2 * ( CtbLog2SizeY - MinTbLog2SizeY )) (8-922) Otherwise, qP_(Y_) _(B) is set equal to the luma quantization parameter Qp_(Y) of the coding unit containing the luma coding block covering (xQg, yQg - 1 ). 4. The predicted luma quantization parameter qP_(Y_PRED) is derived as follows: If all the following conditions are true, then qP_(Y) _(_PRED) is set equal to the luma quantization parameter Qp_(Y) of the coding unit containing the luma coding block covering (xQg, yQg - 1): availableB is equal to TRUE. the current quantization group is the first quantization group in a CTB row within a brick Otherwise, qP_(Y_PRED) is derived as follows: qP_(Y) _(_PRED) = ( qP_(Y_) _(A) + qP_(Y) _(_B) + 1 ) >> 1 The variable Qp_(Y) is derived as follows: QP_(Y) = ( ( qP_(Y_PRED) + CuQpDeltaVal + 64 + 2 * QpBdOffset_(Y) )%( 64 + QpBdOffset_(Y))) - QpBdOffset_(Y) The luma quantization parameter Qp′_(Y) is derived as follows: Qp′_(Y) = Qp_(Y) + QpBdOffset_(Y) When ChromaArrayType is not equal to 0 and treeType is equal to SINGLE_TREE or DUAL_TREE_CHROMA, the following applies:. When treeType is equal to DUAL_TREE_CHROMA, the variable Qp_(Y) is set equal to the luma quantization parameter Qp_(Y) of the luma coding unit that covers the luma location ( xCb + cbWidth / 2, yCb + cbHeight / 2 ). The variables qP_(Cr), qP_(Cr) and qP_(CbCr), are derived as follows: qPi_(Cb) = Clip3( -QpBdOffset_(C), 69, Qp_(Y) + pps_cb_qp_offset + slice_cb_qp_offset ) qPi_(Cr) = Clip3( -QpBdOffset_(C), 69, Qp_(Y) + pps_cr_qp_offset + slice_cr_qp_offset ) qPi_(CbCr) =Clip3( -QpBdOffset_(C), 69, Qp_(Y) + pps_joint_cbcr_qp_offset + slice_joi nt_cbcr_qp_offset ) If ChromaArrayType is equal to 1, and Qpc_data default flag is equal to FALSE, the variables qP_(Cb,) qP_(Cr) and qP_(CbCr) are set equal to the value of Qp_(C) as specified in clause 7.x.x based on the index qPi equal to qPi_(Cb), qPi_(Cr) and qPi_(CbCr), respectively. If ChromaArrayType is equal to 1, and Qpc_data_default_flag is equal to TRUE, the variables qP_(Cb,) qP_(Cr) and qP_(CbCr) are specified in 8-15 based on the index qPi equal to qPi_(Cb), qPi_(Cr) and qPi_(CbCr), respectively Otherwise, the variables qP_(Cb), qP_(Cr) and qP_(CbCr) are set equal to Min( qPi, 63 ), based on the index qPi equal to qPi_(Cb), qPi_(Cr) and qPi_(CbCr), respectively. The chroma quantization parameters for the Cb and Cr components, Qp′_(Cb) and Qp′_(Cr), and joint Cb-Cr coding Qp′_(CbCr) are derived as follows: Qp′_(cb) = qP_(Cb) + QpBdOffset_(c) Qp′_(Cr) = qP_(cr) + QpBdOffset_(c) QP′_(CbCr) = qP_(CbCr) + QpBdOffset_(c) 8-15 - Specification of Qp_(C) as a function of qPi for ChromaArrayType equal to 1

Referring to Table 31, when ChromaArrayType is 1 and Qp_(c_)data_default_flag indicates false (i.e., for example, when Qp_(c)_data_default_flag is 0), the parameters qP_(Cb), qP_(Cr) and qP_(CbCr) may be derived based on signaled user defined information as proposed in the present embodiment. Furthermore, for example, when ChromaArrayType is 1 and Qp_(c)_data_default_flag indicates true (i.e., for example, when Qp_(c)_data_defaul_flag is 1), the parameters qP_(Cb), qP_(Cr) and qP_(CbCr) may be derived by a default table based on the same indices qPi as qPi_(Cb), qPi_(Cr) and qPi_(CbCr), respectively.

Furthermore, this document proposes another embodiment in which information for a quantization parameter is signaled.

For example, the present embodiment proposes adding a function for signaling a chroma quantization parameter Qpc as a function of an index qPi. For example, there may be proposed a scheme for signaling syntax elements for a user defined table for quantization parameter derivation in a PPS. Accordingly, flexibility regarding changing a user defined table and a default table in each picture that refers to a PPS can be provided.

Syntax elements for a signaled user defined table in a PPS proposed in the present embodiment may be the same as the following table.

TABLE 32 Qp_(C)_data( ) { Descriptor  qPi_min_idx ue(v)  qPi_\delta_ma _idx ue(v)  for (i = qPi_min_idx; i <= qPiMaxIdx; i++ )   Qp_(C)_qPi_delta_val[ i ] ue(v) }

For example, the syntax element qPi_min_idx may represent a minimum qPi index used in chroma quantization. A value of qPi_min _idx may be in a range of 0 to 63.

Furthermore, for example, the syntax element qPi_delta_max_idx may represent a delta value between Qpi_min_idx and a maximum qPi index used in chroma Qp_(c) derivation. A value of qPiMaxIdx may be greater than or equal to qPi_min_idx. A value of qPi _delta_ max _idx may be in a range of 0 to 63. For example, a maximum index qPiMaxIdx used in Qp_(c) derivation may be derived like Equation 4.

Furthermore, for example, the syntax element Qpc_qPi_delta_ val[i] may represent the delta of a Qpc value for an i-th index.

For example, a parameter Qp_(C)Idx[qPi] may be derived as follows.

-   When qPi < qPi_min_idx, QpcIdx[qPi] may be set identically with qPi. -   When qPi = qPi_min_idx... qPiMaxIdx, Qp_(C)Idx[qPi] may be set as     Qpc_qPi_delta_ val[qPi] + QpcIdx[qPi-1]. -   When qPi > qPiMaxIdx, Qp_(C)Idx[qPi] may be set as qPi - (qPiMaxIdx     -QpcIdx[qPiMaxIdx]).

Thereafter, the Qpc may be set as the QpcIdx[qPi].

Furthermore, the flag of SPS representing whether a default table is used for chroma quantization derivation or whether signaled information is used for chroma quantization derivation, which is proposed in the present embodiment, may be the same as the following table.

TABLE 33 seq_parameter_set_rbsp( ) { Descriptor  sps_decoding _parameter set id u(4) ...  Qpc_data_default_flag u(1)  if(! Qp_(C)_data_default_flag)  Qp_(C) data( ) ...

For example, the syntax element Qp_(c)_data_default_flag may represent whether a user defined mode is used for the derivation of a quantization parameter. For example, Qp_(c)_data_default_flag having a value of 0 may represent that a user defined mode is used for the derivation of a quantization parameter. That is, for example, Qp_(c) _data_ default _flag having a value of 0 may represent that chroma quantization parameter data Qp_(c)_data() is used. When the Qp_(c) _data_ default _flag is 0, the chroma quantization parameter data Qp_(c)_data() may be signaled. Furthermore, for example, Qp_(c) _data_ default _flag having a value of 1 may represent that a default table is used for the derivation of a quantization parameter. The default table may be the same as Table 7. Furthermore, if Qp_(c)_data_ default _flag is not present, the Qp_(c)_data_ default _flag may be inferred as 1.

For example, in the present embodiment, if a process of deriving a quantization parameter is written in a standard format, the process may be represented as in the following table.

TABLE 34 8.7.1 Derivation process for quantization parameters Inputs to this process are: a luma location ( xCb, yCb ) specifying the top-left luma sample of the current coding block relative to the top-left luma sample of the current picture, a variable cbWidth specifying the width of the current coding block in luma samples, a variable cbHeight specifying the height of the current coding block in luma samples, a variable treeType specifying whether a single tree (SINGLE _TREE) or a dual tree is used to partition the CTUs and, when a dual tree is used, whether the luma (DUAL_TREE_LUMA) or chroma components (DUAL_TREE_CHROMA) are currently processed. In this process, the luma quantization parameter Qp′_(Y) and the chroma quantization parameters Qp′_(Cb) and Qp′_(Cr) are derived. The luma location ( xQg, yQg), specifies the top-left luma sample of the current quantization group relative to the top left luma sample of the current picture. The horizontal and vertical positions xQg and yQg are set equal to CuQgTopLeftX and CuQgTopLeftY, respectively. NOTE - : The current quantization group is a rectangluar region inside a coding tree block that shares the same qP_(Y)_ _(PRED). Its width and height are equal to the width and height of the coding tree node of which the top-left luma sample position is assigned to the variables CuQgTopLeftX and CuQgTopLeftY. When treeType is equal to SINGLE_TREE or DUAL_TREE_LUMA, the predicted luma quantization parameter qP_(Y)__(PRED) is derived by the following ordered steps: 1.The variable qP_(Y) __(PREV) is derived as follows: If one or more of the following conditions are true, qP_(Y) __(PREV) is set equal to SliceQp_(Y): The current quantization group is the first quantization group in a slice. The current quantization group is the first quantization group in a brick. Otherwise, qP_(Y) __(PREV) is set 2. The availability derivation process for a block as specified in clause 6.4.X [Ed. (BB): Neighbouring blocks availability checking process tbd] is invoked with the location ( xCurr, yCurr ) set equal to (xCb, yCb ) and the neighbouring location ( xNbY, yNbY) set equal to ( xQg - 1, yQg ) as inputs, and the output is assigned to availableA. The variable qP_(Y)__(A) is derived as follows: If one or more of the following conditions are true, qP_(Y) __(A) is set equal to qP_(Y)__(PREV): availableA is equal to FALSE. the CTB address ctbAddrA of the CTB containing the luma coding block covering the luma location ( xQg - 1, yQg ) is not equal to CtbAddrInBs, where ctbAddrA is derived as follows: xTmp = (xQg - 1 ) » MinTbLog2SizeY yTmp = yQg » MinTbLog2SizeY minTbAddrA = MinTbAddrZs[ xTmp ][ yTmp ] ctbAddrA = minTbAddrA » (2 * ( CtbLog2SizeY - MinTbLog2SizeY ) ) Otherwise, qP_(Y) __(A) is set equal to the luma quantization parameter Qp_(Y) of the coding unit containing the luma coding block covering ( xQg - 1, yQg ). 3. The availability derivation process for a block as specified in clause 6.4.X [Ed. (BB): Neighbouring blocks availability checking process tbd] is invoked with the location ( xCurr, yCurr ) set equal to ( xCb, yCb ) and the neighbouring location ( xNbY, yNbY ) set equal to ( xQg, yQg - 1 ) as inputs, and the output is assigned to availableB. The variable qP_(Y) _(B) is derived as follows: If one or more of the following conditions are true, qP_(Y)__(B) is set equal to qP_(Y) __(PREV): availableB is equal to FALSE. the CTB address ctbAddrB of the CTB containing the luma coding block covering the luma location ( xQg, yQg - 1 ) is not equal to CtbAddrInBs, where ctbAddrB is derived as follows: xTmp = xQg » MinTbLog2SizeY yTmp = (yQg - 1 ) » MinTbLog2SizeY minTbAddrB = MinTbAddrZs[ xTmp ][ yTmp ] ctbAddrB = minTbAddrB » ( 2 * ( CtbLog2SizeY - MinTbLog2SizeY )) (8-922) Otherwise, qP_(Y)__(B) is set equal to the luma quantization parameter Qp_(Y) of the coding unit containing the luma coding block covering ( xQg, yQg - 1 ). 4. The predicted luma quantization parameter qP_(Y)__(PRED) is derived as follows: If all the following conditions are true, then qP_(Y) _(PRED) is set equal to the luma quantization parameter Qp_(Y) of the coding unit containing the luma coding block covering ( xQg, yQg - 1 ): availableB is equal to TRUE. the current quantization group is the first quantization group in a CTB row within a brick Otherwise, qP_(Y)__(PRED) is derived as follows: qP_(Y)__(PRED) = ( qP_(Y)__(A) + qP_(Y)__(B) + 1 ) >> 1 The variable Qp_(Y) is derived as follows: QP_(Y) = ( ( qP_(Y) _(PRED) + CuQpDeltaVal + 64 + 2 * QpBdOffset_(Y) )%( 64 + QpBdOffset_(Y) ) ) -QpBdOffset_(Y) The luma quantization parameter Qp′_(Y) is derived as follows: Qp′_(Y) = Qp_(Y) + QpBdOffset_(Y) When ChromaArrayType is not equal to 0 and treeType is equal to SINGLE_TREE or DUAL_TREE_CHROMA, the following applies: When treeType is equal to DUAL_TREE _ CHROMA, the variable Qp_(Y) is set equal to the luma quantization parameter Qp_(Y) of the luma coding unit that covers the luma location (xCb + cbWidth / 2, yCb + cbHeight / 2 ). The variables qP_(Cb), qP_(Cr) and qP_(CbCr) are derived as follows: qPi_(Cb) = Clip3( -QpBdOffset_(C), 69, Qp_(Y) + pps_cb_qp_offset + slice_cb_qp_offset ) qPi_(Cr) = Clip3( -QpBdOffset_(C), 69, Qp_(Y) + pps_cr_qp_offset + slice _cr_qp_offset ) qPi_(CbCr) = Clip3( -QpBdOffset_(C), 69, Qp_(Y) + pps_joint_cbcr_qp_offset + slice_joi nt_cbcr_qp_offset ) If ChromaArrayType is equal to 1, and Qpc_data _default _flag is equal to FALSE, the variables qP_(Cb), qP_(Cr) and qP_(Cbcr) are set equal to the value of Qp_(C) as specified in clause 7.x.x based on the index qPi equal to qPi_(Cb), qPi_(Cr) and qP_(CbCr), respectively. If ChromaArrayType is equal to 1, and Qpc_data _default _flag is equal to TRUE, the variables qP_(Cb), qP_(Cr) and qP_(CbCr) are specified in 8-15 based on the index qPi equal to qPi_(Cb), qPi_(Cr) and qPi_(CbCr), respectively. Otherwise, the variables qP_(Cb), qP_(Cr) and qP_(CbCr) are set equal to Min( qPi, 63 ), based on the index qPi equal to qPi_(Cb), qPi_(Cr) and qPi_(CbCr), respectively. The chroma quantization parameters for the Cb and Cr components, Qp′_(Cb) and Qp′_(Cr), and joint Cb-Cr coding Qp′_(CbCr) are derived as follows: Qp′_(Cb) = qP_(Cb) + QpBdOffset_(c) Qp′_(Cr) = qP_(Cr) + QpBdOffset_(c) Qp′_(CbCr) = qP_(CbCr) + QpBdOffset_(c) 8-15 - Specification of Qp_(C) as a function of qPi for ChromaArrayType equal to 1

Referring to Table 34, when ChromaArrayType is 1 and Qp_(c_)data_default_flag indicates false (i.e., for example, when Qp_(c)_data_default_flag is 0), the parameters qP_(Cb), qP_(Cr) and qP_(CbCr) may be derived based on signaled user defined information as proposed in the present embodiment. Furthermore, for example, ChromaArrayType is 1 and Qp_(c)_data_default_flag indicates true (i.e., for example, when Qp_(C) _data_ default _flag is 1), the parameters qP_(Cb), qP_(Cr) and qP_(CbCr) may be derived by a default table based on the same indices qPi as qPi_(Cb), qPi_(Cr) and qPi_(CbCr), respectively.

Furthermore, this document proposes another embodiment in which information for a quantization parameter is signaled.

For example, the present embodiment proposes a common mode in which a chroma quantization parameter Qpc is derived and signaled.

Chroma quantization parameter data Qp_(c) _data() for a chroma quantization parameter proposed in the present embodiment may be signaled as in the following table.

TABLE 35 Qp_(C)_data( ) { Descriptor  qPi_min_idx ue(v)  qPi_delta_max_idx ue(v)  for (i = qPi_min_idx; i <= qPiMaxIdx; i++ )   Qp_(C)_ qPi_delta_val[ i ] ue(v) }

For example, the syntax element qPi_min_idx may represent a minimum qPi index used in chroma quantization. A value of qPi_min _idx may be in a range of 0 to 63.

Furthermore, for example, the syntax element qPi_delta_max_idx may represent a delta value between Qpi_min_idx and a maximum qPi index used in chroma Qp_(c) derivation. A value of qPiMaxIdx may be greater than or equal to qPi_min_idx. A value of qPi_delta_max_idx may be in a range of 0 to 63. For example, a maximum index qPiMaxIdx used in Qp_(c) derivation may be derived like Equation 4.

Furthermore, for example, the syntax element Qpc_qPi_delta_ val[i] may represent the delta of a Qpc value for an i-th index.

For example, a parameter QpcIdx[qPi] may be derived as follows.

-   When qPi < qPi_min_idx, QpcIdx[qPi] may be set identically with qPi. -   When qPi = qPi min idx... qPiMaxIdx, QpcIdx[qPi] may be set as     Qpc_qPi_delta_ val[qPi] + QpcIdx[qPi-1]. -   When qPi > qPiMaxIdx, QpcIdx[qPi] may be set as qPi (qPiMaxIdx     -QpcIdx[qPiMaxIdx]).

Thereafter, the Qpc may be set as the QpcIdx[qPi].

Furthermore, the present embodiment proposes a scheme for signaling a flag representing whether a default table is used for chroma quantization derivation or whether signaled information is used for chroma quantization derivation. The flag may be signaled through a high level syntax, such as a sequence parameter set (SPS), or a picture parameter set (PPS). The flag signaled through a high level syntax may be the same as the following table.

TABLE 36 high _level_parameter_set( ) { Descriptor ...  Qpc_data_default_flag u(1)  if(! Qp_(C)_data_default_flag)  Qp_(C)_data( ) ...

For example, the syntax element Qp_(c)_data_default_flag may represent whether a user defined mode is used for the derivation of a quantization parameter. For example, Qp_(c_)data_default_flaghaving a value of 0 may represent that a user defined mode is used for the derivation of a quantization parameter. That is, for example, Qp_(c)_data_default_flag having a value of 0 may represent chroma quantization parameter data Qp_(c)_data() is used. When the Qp_(c)_data_default_flag is 0, the chroma quantization parameter data Qp_(c)_data() may be signaled. Furthermore, for example, Qp_(c)_data_default_flag having a value of 1 may represent that a default table is used for the derivation of a quantization parameter. The default table may be the same as Table 7. Furthermore, if Qp_(c)_data_default_flag is not present, the Qp_(c)_data_default _flag may be inferred as 1.

For example, in the present embodiment, if a process of deriving a quantization parameter is written in a standard format, the process may be represented as in the following table.

TABLE 37 8.7.1 Derivation process for quantization parameters Inputs to this process are: a luma location ( xCb, yCb ) specifying the top-left luma sample of the current coding block relative to the top-left luma sample of the current picture, a variable cbWidth specifying the width of the current coding block in luma samples, a variable cbHeight specifying the height of the current coding block in luma samples, a variable treeType specifying whether a single tree (SINGLE _TREE) or a dual tree is used to partition the CTUs and, when a dual tree is used, whether the luma (DUAL_TREE_LUMA) or chroma components (DUAL_TREE_CHROMA) are currently processed. In this process, the luma quantization parameter Qp′_(Y) and the chroma quantization parameters Qp′_(Cb) and Qp′_(Cr) are derived. The luma location (xQg, yQg), specifies the top-left luma sample of the current quantization group relative to the top left luma sample of the current picture. The horizontal and vertical positions xQg and yQg are set equal to CuQgTopLeftX and CuQgTopLeftY, respectively. NOTE - : The current quantization group is a rectangluar region inside a coding tree block that shares the same qP_(Y)_ _(PRED). Its width and height are equal to the width and height of the coding tree node of which the top-left luma sample position is assigned to the variables CuQgTopLeftX and CuQgTopLeftY. When treeType is equal to SINGLE_TREE or DUAL_TREE _LUMA, the predicted luma quantization parameter qP_(Y)__(PRED) is derived by the following ordered steps: 1.The variable qP_(Y)__(PREV) is derived as follows: If one or more of the following conditions are true, qP_(Y) __(PREV) is set equal to SliceQp_(Y): The current quantization group is the first quantization group in a slice. The current quantization group is the first quantization group in a brick. Otherwise, qP_(Y) _(PREV) is set 2. The availability derivation process for a block as specified in clause 6.4.X [Ed. (BB): Neighbouring blocks availability checking process tbd] is invoked with the location ( xCurr, yCurr ) set equal to ( xCb, yCb ) and the neighbouring location ( xNbY, yNbY ) set equal to ( xQg - 1, yQg ) as inputs, and the output is assigned to availableA. The variable qP_(Y)__(A) is derived as follows: If one or more of the following conditions are true, qP_(Y)_ _(A) is set equal to qP_(Y) __(PREV): availableA is equal to FALSE. the CTB address ctbAddrA of the CTB containing the luma coding block covering the luma location (xQg - 1, yQg ) is not equal to CtbAddrInBs, where ctbAddrA is derived as follows: xTmp = ( xQg - 1 ) » MinTbLog2SizeY yTmp = yQg » MinTbLog2SizeY minTbAddrA = MinTbAddrZs[ xTmp ] [ yTmp ] ctbAddrA = minTbAddrA » ( 2 * ( CtbLog2SizeY - MinTbLog2SizeY ) ) Otherwise, qP_(Y) _(A) is set equal to the luma quantization parameter Qp_(Y) of the coding unit containing the luma coding block covering ( xQg - 1, yQg ). 3. The availability derivation process for a block as specified in clause 6.4.X [Ed. (BB): Neighbouring blocks availability checking process tbd] is invoked with the location ( xCurr, yCurr ) set equal to ( xCb, yCb ) and the neighbouring location ( xNbY, yNbY ) set equal to ( xQg, yQg - 1 ) as inputs, and the output is assigned to availableB. The variable qP_(Y)__(B) is derived as follows: If one or more of the following conditions are true, qP_(Y)__(B) is set equal to qP_(Y_PREV): availableB is equal to FALSE. the CTB address ctbAddrB of the CTB containing the luma coding block covering the luma location ( xQg, yQg - 1 ) is not equal to CtbAddrInBs, where ctbAddrB is derived as follows: xTmp = xQg » MinTbLog2SizeY yTmp = (yQg - 1 ) » MinTbLog2SizeY minTbAddrB = MinTbAddrZs[ xTmp ][ yTmp ] ctbAddrB = minTbAddrB » ( 2 * ( CtbLog2SizeY - MinTbLog2SizeY )) (8-922) Otherwise, qP_(Y)__(B) is set equal to the luma quantization parameter Qp_(Y) of the coding unit containing the luma coding block covering ( xQg, yQg - 1 ). 4. The predicted luma quantization parameter qP_(Y)__(PRED) is derived as follows: If all the following conditions are true, then qP_(Y) _(PRED) is set equal to the luma quantization parameter Qp_(Y) of the coding unit containing the luma coding block covering (xQg, yQg - 1 ): availableB is equal to TRUE. the current quantization group is the first quantization group in a CTB row within a brick Otherwise, qP_(Y)__(PRED) is derived as follows: qP_(Y) _(PRED) = ( qP_(Y)_ _(A) + qP_(Y) _(B) + 1 ) >> 1 The variable Qp_(Y) is derived as follows: QP_(Y) = ( ( qP_(Y) _(PRED) + CuQpDeltaVal + 64 + 2 * QpBdOffset_(Y) )%( 64 + QpBdOffset_(Y) ) ) -QpBdOffset_(Y) The luma quantization parameter Qp′_(Y) is derived as follows: Qp′_(Y) = QP_(Y) + QpBdOffset_(Y) When ChromaArrayType is not equal to 0 and treeType is equal to SINGLE_TREE or DUAL_TREE_CHROMA, the following applies: When treeType is equal to DUAL TREE _ CHROMA, the variable Qp_(Y) is set equal to the luma quantization parameter Qp_(Y) of the luma coding unit that covers the luma location ( xCb + cbWidth / 2, yCb + cbHeight / 2 ). The variables qP_(Cb), qP_(cr) and qP_(CbCr) are derived as follows: qPi_(Cb) = Clip3( -QpBdOffset_(C), 69, Qp_(Y) + pps_cb_qp_offset + slice_cb_qp_offset ) qPi_(Cr) = Clip3( -QpBdOffset_(C), 69, Qp_(Y) + pps_cr_qp_offset + slice _cr-qp_offset ) qPi_(CbCr) = Clip3( -QpBdOffset_(C), 69, Qp_(Y) + pps_joint_cbcr_qp_offset + slice_joi nt_cbcr_qp_offset ) If ChromaArrayType is equal to 1, and Qpc_data _default _flag is equal to FALSE, the variables qP_(Cb), qP_(Cr) and qP_(CbCr) are set equal to the value of Qp_(C) as specified in clause 7.x.x based on the index qPi equal to qPi_(Cb), qPi_(Cr) and qPi_(CbCr), respectively. If ChromaArrayType is equal to 1, and Qpc_data _default _flag is equal to TRUE, the variables qP_(Cb), qP_(Cr) and qP_(CbCr) are specified in 8-15 based on the index qPi equal to qPi_(Cb), qPi_(Cr) and qPi_(CbCr), respectively. Otherwise, the variables qP_(Cb), qP_(Cr) and qP_(CbCr) are set equal to Min( qPi, 63 ), based on the index qPi equal to qPi_(Cb), qPi_(Cr) and qP′_(CbCr), respectively. The chroma quantization parameters for the Cb and Cr components, Qp′_(Cb) and Qp′_(Cr), and joint Cb-Cr coding Qp′_(CbCr) are derived as follows: Qp′_(Cb) = qP_(Cb) + QpBdOffset_(c) Qp′_(Cr) = qP_(Cr) + QpBdOffset_(c) Qp′_(CbCr) = qP_(CbCr) + QpBdOffset_(c) 8-15 - Specification of Qp_(C) as a function of qPi for ChromaArrayType equal to 1

Referring to Table 37, when ChromaArrayType is 1 and Qp_(c_)data_default_flag indicates false (i.e., for example, when Qp_(c)_data_default_flag is 0), the parameters qP_(Cb), qP_(Cr) and qP_(CbCr) may be derived based on signaled user defined information as proposed in the present embodiment. Furthermore, for example, when ChromaArrayType is 1 and Qp_(c)_data_default_flag indicates true (i.e., for example, when Qp_(c) _data_ default _flag is 1), the parameters qP_(Cb), qP_(cr) and qP_(CbCr) may be derived by a default table based on the same indices qPi as qPi_(Cb), qPi_(Cr) and qPi_(CbCr), respectively.

Furthermore, this document proposes another embodiment in which information for a quantization parameter is signaled.

For example, the present embodiment proposes a scheme for deriving a chroma quantization parameter Qpc table without an offset. The present embodiment may be proposed to be used along with an APS or to be used independently. For example, a syntax structure of APS integrated with chroma quantization data may be the same as the following table.

TABLE 38 Qp_(C_)data () { Descriptor qPi_min_idx ue(v) qPi_delta_max_idx ue(v) for (i = qPi_min_idx; i <= qPiMaxldx; i++ ) Qp_(C_)qPi_delta_val[i] ue(v) }

For example, the syntax element qPi_min_idx may represent a minimum qPi index used in chroma quantization. A value of qPi_min_idx may be in a range of 0 to 63.

Furthermore, for example, the syntax element qPi_delta_max_idx may represent a delta value between Qpi_min_idx and a maximum qPi index used in chroma Qp_(c) derivation. A value of qPiMaxIdx may be greater than or equal to qPi_min_idx. A value of qPi_delta_max_idx may be in a range of 0 to 63. For example, a maximum index qPiMaxIdx used in Qp_(c) derivation may be derived like Equation 4.

Furthermore, for example, the syntax element Qpc_qPi_delta_val[i] may represent a difference between Qpc values for an i-th index. The difference may also be called a delta.

For example, a parameter QpcIdx[qPi] may be derived as follows. In this case, the qPi may be 0 to 63.

-   When qPi < qPi min idx, QpcIdx[qPi] may be set identically with qPi. -   qPi = When qPi_min_idx... qPiMaxIdx, QpcIdx[qPi] may be set as     Qpc_qPi_delta_val[qPi] + QpcIdx[qPi-1]. -   When qPi > qPiMaxIdx, QpcIdx[qPi] may be set as qPi (qPiMaxIdx     -QpcIdx[qPiMaxIdx]).

Thereafter, the Qpc may be set as the QpcIdx[qPi].

Furthermore, this document proposes another embodiment in which information for a quantization parameter is signaled.

For example, the present embodiment proposes, as an example, a scheme in which a delta (or a difference) between continuous Qpc values is limited to 1.

For example, the present embodiment proposes a scheme in which user defined chroma quantization (Qpc) is additionally included in the existing image/video standard. For example, the flag of a sequence parameter set (SPS) proposed in the present embodiment may represent whether the existing default table is used for chroma quantization parameter derivation or whether the contents of a table is derived based on information signaled in an SPS. A scheme suitable for a coded image may be selected by accommodating user defined chroma quantization according to the present embodiment, and coding efficiency can be improved.

For example, the present embodiment proposes adding a function for signaling chroma quantization Qpc as a function of an index qPi by using syntax elements as in the following table.

TABLE 39 Qp_(C_)data( ) { Descriptor  qPi_min_idx ue(v)  qPi_delta_max_idx ue(v)  for (i = qPi_min_idx; i <= qPiMaxIdx; i++ )   Qp_(C_)qPi_flag[i ] u(1) }

For example, the syntax element qPi_min_idx may represent a minimum qPi index used in chroma quantization. A value of qPi_min_idx may be in a range of 1 to 63.

Furthermore, for example, the syntax element qPi_delta_max_idx may represent a delta value between Qpi_min_idx and a maximum qPi index used in chroma Qp_(c) derivation. A value of qPiMaxIdx may be greater than or equal to qPi_min_idx. A value of qPi_delta_max_idx may be in a range of 1 to 63. For example, a maximum index qPiMaxIdx used in Qp_(c) derivation may be derived like Equation 4.

Furthermore, for example, the syntax element QpC_qPi_flag[i] may represent whether a Qpc value is increased by 1. That is, for example, the syntax element QpC_qPi_flag[i] may represent whether an i-th Qpc value has increased by 1 compared to an (i-1)-th Qpc value. For example, QpC_qPi_flag[i] having a value of 1 may represent a Qpc value is increased by 1. QpC_qPi_flag[i] having a value of 0 may represent that a Qpc value is not increased.

For example, a parameter QpcIdx[qPi] may be derived as follows. In this case, the qPi may be 0 to 63.

-   When qPi < qPi_min_idx, QpcIdx[qPi] may be set identically with qPi. -   When qPi = qPi min idx... qPiMaxIdx, QpcIdx[qPi] may be set as     Qpc_qPi_flag[qPi] + QpcIdx[qPi-1]. -   When qPi > qPiMaxIdx, QpcIdx[qPi] may be set as qPi (qPiMaxIdx     -QpcIdx[qPiMaxIdx]).

Thereafter, the Qpc may be set as the QpcIdx[qPi].

Furthermore, the present embodiment proposes a scheme for signaling a flag representing whether a default table is used for chroma quantization derivation or whether signaled information is used for chroma quantization derivation. The flag may be signaled through a high level syntax, such as a sequence parameter set (SPS), or a picture parameter set (PPS). The flag signaled through a high level syntax may be the same as the following table.

TABLE 40 seq_parameter_set_rbsp( ) { Descriptor   sps_decoding_parameter_set_id u(4) ...   Qpc_data_default_flag u(1)  if(! Qp_(C)_data_default_flag)   Qp_(C)_data( ) ...

For example, the syntax element Qp_(c)_data_default_flag may represent whether a user defined mode is used for the derivation of a quantization parameter. For example, Qp_(c)_data_default_flag having a value of 0 may represent that a user defined mode is used for the derivation of a quantization parameter. That is, for example, Qp_(c)_data_default_flag having a value of 0 may represent that chroma quantization parameter data Qp_(c)_data() is used. When the Qp_(c)_data_default_flag is 0, the chroma quantization parameter data Qp_(c)_data() may be signaled. Furthermore, for example, Qp_(c)_data_default_flag having a value of 1 may represent that a default table is used for the derivation of a quantization parameter. The default table may be the same as Table 7. Furthermore, if Qp_(c)_data_default_flag is not present, the Qp_(c)_data_default_flag may be inferred as 1.

For example, in the present embodiment, if a process of deriving a quantization parameter is written in a standard format, the process may be represented as in the following table.

TABLE 41 8.7.1 Derivation process for quantization parameters Inputs to this process are: a luma location ( xCb, yCb ) specifying the top-left luma sample of the current coding block relative to the top-left luma sample of the current picture, a variable cbWidth specifying the width of the current coding block in luma samples, a variable cbHeight specifying the height of the current coding block in luma samples, variable treeType specifying whether a single tree (SINGLE _TREE) or a dual tree is used to partition the CTUs and, when a dual tree is used, whether the luma (DUAL_TREE_LUMA) or chroma components (DUAL_TREE_CHROMA) are currently processed. In this process, the luma quantization parameter Qp′_(Y) and the chroma quantization parameters Qp′_(Cb) and Qp′_(Cr) are derived. The luma location (xQg, yQg), specifies the top-left luma sample of the current quantization group relative to the top left luma sample of the current picture. The horizontal and vertical positions xQg and yQg are set equal to CuQgTopLeftX and CuQgTopLeftY, respectively. NOTE - : The current quantization group is a rectangluar region inside a coding tree block that shares the same qP_(Y_) _(PRED). Its width and height are equal to the width and height of the coding tree node of which the top-left luma sample position is assigned to the variables CuQgTopLeftX and CuQgTopLeftY. When treeType is equal to SINGLE_TREE or DUAL_TREE_LUMA, the predicted luma quantization parameter qP_(Y_PRED) is derived by the following ordered steps: 1.The variable qP_(Y_PREV) is derived as follows: If one or more of the following conditions are true, qP_(Y_) _(PREV) is set equal to SliceQp_(Y): The current quantization group is the first quantization group in a slice. The current quantization group is the first quantization group in a brick. Otherwise, qP_(Y_) _(PREV) is set 2. The availability derivation process for a block as specified in clause 6.4.X [Ed. (BB): Neighbouring blocks availability checking process tbd] is invoked with the location ( xCurr, yCurr ) set equal to ( xCb, yCb ) and the neighbouring location ( xNbY, yNbY ) set equal to ( xQg - 1, yQg ) as inputs, and the output is assigned to availableA. The variable qP_(Y_A) is derived as follows: If one or more of the following conditions are true, qP_(Y) _(_A) is set equal to qP_(Y) _(_PREV): availableA is equal to FALSE. the CTB address ctbAddrA of the CTB containing the luma coding block covering the luma location (xQg - 1, yQg ) is not equal to CtbAddrInBs, where ctbAddrA is derived as follows: xTmp = (xQg - 1 ) » MinTbLog2SizeY yTmp = yQg » MinTbLog2SizeY minTbAddrA = MinTbAddrZs[xTmp ][yTmp ] ctbAddrA = minTbAddrA » (2 * ( CtbLog2SizeY - MinTbLog2SizeY ) ) Otherwise, qP_(Y_) _(A) is set equal to the luma quantization parameter Qp_(Y) of the coding unit containing the luma coding block covering (xQg - 1, yQg). 3. The availability derivation process for a block as specified in clause 6.4.X [Ed. (BB): Neighbouring blocks availability checking process tbd] is invoked with the location ( xCurr, yCurr ) set equal to ( xCb, yCb ) and the neighbouring location (xNbY, yNbY) set equal to (xQg, yQg -1) as inputs, and the output is assigned to availableB. The variable qP_(Y_B) is derived as follows: If one or more of the following conditions are true, qP_(Y_B) is set equal to qP_(Y_PREV): availableB is equal to FALSE. the CTB address ctbAddrB of the CTB containing the luma coding block covering the luma location (xQg, yQg - 1) is not equal to CtbAddrInBs, where ctbAddrB is derived as follows: xTmp = xQg » MinTbLog2SizeY yTmp = ( yQg - 1 ) » MinTbLog2SizeY minTbAddrB = MinTbAddrZs [xTmp][yTmp ] ctbAddrB = minTbAddrB » (2 * ( CtbLog2SizeY - MinTbLog2SizeY ) ) (8-922) Otherwise, qP_(Y_) _(B) is set equal to the luma quantization parameter Qp_(Y) of the coding unit containing the luma coding block covering ( xQg, yQg - 1 ). 4. The predicted luma quantization parameter qP_(Y_PRED) is derived as follows: If all the following conditions are true, then qP_(Y_) _(PRED) is set equal to the luma quantization parameter Qp_(Y) of the coding unit containing the luma coding block covering (xQg, yQg - 1): availableB is equal to TRUE. the current quantization group is the first quantization group in a CTB row within a brick Otherwise, qP_(Y_) _(PRED) is derived as follows: qP_(Y_PRED) = ( qP_(Y_A) + qP_(Y_B) + 1) >> 1 The variable Qp_(Y) is derived as follows: Qp_(Y) = ( (qP_(Y_) _(PRED) + CuQpDeltaVal + 64 + 2 * QpBdOffset_(Y) )%( 64 + QpBdOffset_(Y) ) ) - QpBdOffset_(Y) The luma quantization parameter Qp′_(Y) is derived as follows: Qp′_(Y) = Qp_(Y) + QpBdOffset_(Y) When ChromaArrayType is not equal to 0 and treeType is equal to SINGLE_TREE or DUAL_TREE_CHROMA, the following applies: When treeType is equal to DUAL_TREE_CHROMA, the variable Qp_(Y) is set equal to the luma quantization parameter Qp_(Y) of the luma coding unit that covers the luma location (xCb + cbWidth / 2, yCb + cbHeight / 2 ). The variables qP_(Cb), qP_(Cr) and qP_(CbCr) are derived as follows: qPi_(Cb) = Clip3( -QpBdOffset_(c), 69, Qp_(Y) + pps_cb_qp_offset + slice_cb_qp_offset ) qPi_(Cr) = Clip3( -QpBdOffset_(C), 69, Qp_(Y) + pps_cr_qp_offset + slice_cr_qp_offset ) qPi_(CbCr) = Clip3( -QpBdOffset_(C), 69, Qp_(Y) + pps_joint_cbcr_qp_offset + slice_joi nt_cbcr_qp_offset) If ChromaArrayType is equal to 1, and Qpc_data_default_flag is equal to FALSE, the variables qP_(Cb), qP_(Cr) and qP_(CbCr) are set equal to the value of Qp_(C) as specified in clause 7.x.x based on the index qPi equal to qPi_(Cb), qPi_(Cr) and qPi_(CbCr), respectively. If ChromaArrayType is equal to 1, and Qpc_data_default_flag is equal to TRUE, the variables qP_(Cb), qP_(Cr) and qP_(CbCr) are specified in 8-15 based on the index qPi equal to qPi_(Cb), qPi_(Cr) and qPi_(CbCr), respectively. Otherwise, the variables qP_(Cb), qP_(Cr) and qP_(CbCr) are set equal to Min( qPi, 63 ), based on the index qPi equal to qPi_(Cb), qPi_(Cr) and qPi_(CbCr), respectively. The chroma quantization parameters for the Cb and Cr components, Qp′_(Cb) and Qp′_(Cr), and joint Cb-Cr coding Qp′_(CbCr) are derived as follows: Qp′_(Cb) = qP_(Cb) + QpBdOffset_(C) Qp′_(Cr) = qP_(Cr) + QpBdOffset_(C) Qp′_(CbCr) = qP_(CbCr) + QpBdOffset_(C) 8-15 - Specification of Qp_(c)_as a function of qPi for ChromaArrayType equal to 1

Referring to Table 41, when ChromaArrayType is 1 and Qp_(c)_data_default_flag indicates false (i.e., for example, when Qp_(c)_data_default_flag is 0), the parameters qP_(Cb), qP_(Cr) and qP_(CbCr) may be derived based on signaled user defined information as proposed in the present embodiment. Furthermore, for example, when ChromaArrayType is 1 and Qp_(c)_data_default_flag indicates true (i.e., for example, when Qp_(c)_data_default_flag is 1), the parameters qP_(Cb), qP_(Cr) and qP_(CbCr) may be derived by a default table based on the same indices qPi as qPi_(Cb), qPi_(Cr) and qPi_(CbCr), respectively.

FIG. 7 schematically shows an image encoding method by an encoding apparatus according to the present document. The method disclosed in FIG. 7 may be performed by the encoding apparatus disclosed in FIG. 2 . Specifically, for example, S700 in FIG. 7 may be performed by the predictor of the encoding apparatus. S710 in FIG. 7 may be performed by the subtractor of the encoding apparatus. S720 in FIG. 7 may be performed by the residual processor of the encoding apparatus. S730 to S740 may be performed by the entropy encoder of the encoding apparatus. Furthermore, although not illustrated, a process of generating reconstructed samples and a reconstructed picture based on residual samples and prediction samples may be performed by the adder of the encoding apparatus.

The encoding apparatus derives prediction samples of a current chroma block based on inter prediction or intra prediction (S700). The encoding apparatus may derive the prediction samples of the current chroma block based on a prediction mode. In this case, various prediction methods disclosed in this document, such as inter prediction or intra prediction, may be used.

For example, the encoding apparatus may determine whether to perform inter prediction or intra prediction on the current chroma block, and may determine a detailed inter prediction mode or a detailed intra prediction mode based on RD costs. The encoding apparatus may derive prediction samples for the current chroma block based on the determined mode.

The encoding apparatus derives residual samples of the current chroma block based on the prediction samples (S710). For example, the encoding apparatus may derive the residual samples by subtracting original samples and the prediction samples for the current chroma block.

The encoding apparatus generates quantization parameter data for combined chroma coding of the residual samples based on a chroma type of the current chroma block (S720). The encoding apparatus may generate the quantization parameter data for the combined chroma coding of the residual samples based on a chroma type. In this case, the chroma type may mean the aforementioned ChromaArrayType. For example, if a value of the chroma type is not 0, the encoding apparatus may generate the quantization parameter data for the combined chroma coding. For example, when a value of the chroma type is 1, the decoding apparatus may generate the quantization parameter data for the combined chroma coding. In this case, when a value of the chroma type is 0, the chroma type may be a Monochrome format. When a value of the chroma type is 1, the chroma type may be a 4:2:0 format. When a value of the chroma type is 2, the chroma type may be a 4:2:2 format. When a value of the chroma type is 3, the chroma type may be a 4:4:4 format. Furthermore, the combined chroma coding may also be called joint coding of a chroma component. The chroma component may include a Cb component and/or a Cr component.

Furthermore, for example, the encoding apparatus may determine whether to perform combined chroma coding on residual samples for a chroma component based on a chroma type (e.g., when a value of the chroma type is not 0). If the combined chroma coding is performed on the residual samples, quantization parameter data for the combined chroma coding of the residual samples may be generated. For example, the quantization parameter data may be signaled through a high level syntax. For example, the quantization parameter data may be signaled through a sequence parameter set (SPS), a picture parameter set (PPS), a slice header, or an adaptation parameter set (APS).

For example, the quantization parameter data may include a syntax element representing a starting index of a chroma quantization parameter table for the combined chroma coding and/or a syntax element representing a difference between the starting index and last index of the chroma quantization parameter table. The syntax element representing the starting index may be the aforementioned qPi_min_idx. Furthermore, the syntax element representing the difference between the starting index and the last index may be qPi_delta_max_idx. Furthermore, the chroma quantization parameter table may also be called a chroma quantization parameter mapping table or a user defined quantization parameter mapping table. Furthermore, the starting index may also be called a minimum index. Furthermore, for example, the syntax element representing the starting index and/or the syntax element representing the difference between the starting index and the last index may be signaled through a high level syntax. For example, the syntax element representing the starting index and/or the syntax element representing the difference between the starting index and the last index may be signaled through a sequence parameter set (SPS), a picture parameter set (PPS), a slice header, or an adaptation parameter set (APS).

Furthermore, for example, the quantization parameter data may include syntax elements for quantization parameter values of indices of the chroma quantization parameter table. That is, for example, the quantization parameter data may include a syntax element for a quantization parameter value of each of indices of the chroma quantization parameter table. The syntax element for the quantization parameter value of the index may be the aforementioned Qpc_qPi_val[i]. Furthermore, for example, the syntax element for the quantization parameter value of the index may be signaled through a high level syntax. For example, the syntax element for the quantization parameter value of the index may be signaled through a sequence parameter set (SPS), a picture parameter set (PPS), a slice header, or an adaptation parameter set (APS).

Furthermore, for example, the quantization parameter data may include a syntax element representing an offset for the derivation of a quantization parameter for the combined chroma coding. The syntax element representing the offset may be the aforementioned QpOffsetc. Furthermore, for example, the syntax element representing the offset may be signaled through a high level syntax. For example, the syntax element representing the offset may be signaled through a sequence parameter set (SPS), a picture parameter set (PPS), a slice header, or an adaptation parameter set (APS).

Meanwhile, for example, the encoding apparatus may derive the quantization parameter for the combined chroma coding based on the quantization parameter data. The quantization parameter for the combined chroma coding may represent the aforementioned QP′_(CbCr).

For example, as in the aforementioned contents, the chroma quantization parameter table may be derived based on the syntax element representing the starting index of the chroma quantization parameter table, the syntax element representing the difference between the starting index and last index of the chroma quantization parameter table and/or the syntax elements for the quantization parameter values of the indices of the chroma quantization parameter table. That is, for example, the chroma quantization parameter table for the combined chroma coding may be derived based on the quantization parameter data. Thereafter, an index for the combined chroma coding may be derived based on a quantization parameter for a luma component. The quantization parameter for the combined chroma coding may be derived based on a quantization parameter for the index of the chroma quantization parameter table. That is, for example, the quantization parameter for the combined chroma coding may be derived based on a quantization parameter for the same index as the quantization parameter of the luma component in the chroma quantization parameter table.

For example, the quantization parameter (e.g., QP′_(CbCr)) for the combined chroma coding may be derived by adding an offset to the quantization parameter (e.g., QP_(CbCr)) for the index of the chroma quantization parameter table. The offset may be derived based on a syntax element representing an offset for the derivation of the quantization parameter for the combined chroma coding.

The encoding apparatus generates a flag representing whether the quantization parameter data for the combined chroma coding is present (S730). For example, the encoding apparatus may generate whether a flag representing whether the quantization parameter data for the combined chroma coding is present based on the chroma type. For example, when a value of the chroma type is not 0, the encoding apparatus may generate the flag representing whether the quantization parameter data for the combined chroma coding is present. For example, when a value of the chroma type is 1, the encoding apparatus may generate the flag representing whether the quantization parameter data for the combined chroma coding is present. For example, the syntax element for the flag may be the aforementioned Qp_(c)_data_present_flag.

For example, when a value of the flag is 0, the flag may represent that the quantization parameter data for the combined chroma coding is not present. When a value of the flag is 1, the flag may represent that the quantization parameter data for the combined chroma coding is present.

Furthermore, for example, the flag may be signaled through a high level syntax. For example, the flag may be signaled through a sequence parameter set (SPS), a picture parameter set (PPS), a slice header, or an adaptation parameter set (APS).

The encoding apparatus encodes image information including prediction information and residual information for the current chroma block, the quantization parameter data and the flag (S740). The encoding apparatus may encode the image information. The image information may include the prediction information and residual information for the current chroma block, the quantization parameter data and the flag.

For example, the encoding apparatus may generate and encode prediction information for the current block. The prediction information may include prediction mode information representing a prediction mode of the current block. The image information may include the prediction information.

Furthermore, for example, the encoding apparatus may encode residual information for the residual samples. For example, the encoding apparatus may derive transform coefficients based on the residual samples, and may generate the residual information based on the transform coefficients. The image information may include the residual information. For example, the residual information may include syntax elements for the transform coefficients of the current chroma block. For example, the syntax elements may include syntax elements, such as coded_sub_block_flag, sig_coeff_flag, coeff_sign_flag, abs_level_gt1_flag, par_level_flag, abs_level_gtX_flag, abs_remainder, and/or coeff_sign_flag.

Furthermore, for example, the encoding apparatus may encode image information including the quantization parameter data and the flag. Furthermore, for example, the encoding apparatus may output the image information in the form of a bitstream by encoding the image information.

Meanwhile, the bitstream including the image information may be transmitted to the decoding apparatus over a network or a (digital) storage medium. In this case, the network may include a broadcasting network and/or a communication network. The digital storage medium may include various storage media, such as a USB, an SD, a CD, a DVD, Blu-ray, an HDD, and an SSD.

FIG. 8 schematically shows an encoding apparatus for performing an image encoding method according to this document. The method disclosed in FIG. 7 may be performed by the encoding apparatus disclosed in FIG. 8 . Specifically, for example, the predictor of the encoding apparatus in FIG. 8 may perform S700. The subtractor of the encoding apparatus may perform S710. The residual processor of the encoding apparatus may perform S720. The entropy encoder of the encoding apparatus may perform S730 to S740. Furthermore, although not illustrated, a process of generating reconstructed samples and a reconstructed picture based on the residual samples and prediction samples may be performed by the adder of the encoding apparatus.

FIG. 9 schematically shows an image decoding method by a decoding apparatus according to this document. The method disclosed in FIG. 9 may be performed by the decoding apparatus disclosed in FIG. 3 . Specifically, for example, S900 to S910 in FIG. 9 may be performed by the entropy decoder of the decoding apparatus. S920 and S940 to S960 in FIG. 9 may be performed by the residual processor of the decoding apparatus. S930 in FIG. 9 may be performed by the predictor of the decoding apparatus. S970 in FIG. 9 may be performed by the adder of the decoding apparatus.

The decoding apparatus obtains image information, including a flag representing whether quantization parameter data for combined chroma coding is present, and prediction information and residual information for a current chroma block, based on a chroma type (S900). The decoding apparatus may obtain the image information through a bitstream. For example, the image information may include information for a chroma quantization parameter. For example, the image information may include the flag representing whether the quantization parameter data for the combined chroma coding is present. For example, the decoding apparatus may obtain the flag representing whether the quantization parameter data for the combined chroma coding is present based on the chroma type. In this case, the chroma type may mean the aforementioned ChromaArrayType. For example, when a value of the chroma type is not 0, the decoding apparatus may obtain a flag representing whether quantization parameter data for combined chroma coding is present. For example, when a value of the chroma type is 1, the decoding apparatus may obtain a flag representing whether quantization parameter data for combined chroma coding is present. In this case, when a value of the chroma type is 0, the chroma type may be a monochrome format. When a value of the chroma type is 1, the chroma type may be a 4:2:0 format. When a value of the chroma type is 2, the chroma type may be a 4:2:2 format. When a value of the chroma type is 3, the chroma type may be a 4:4:4 format. Furthermore, the combined chroma coding may also be called joint coding of a chroma component. The chroma component may include a Cb component and/or a Cr component. For example, a syntax element for the flag may be the aforementioned Qpc_data_present_flag.

For example, when a value of the flag is 0, the flag may represent that the quantization parameter data for the combined chroma coding is not present. When a value of the flag is 1, the flag may represent that the quantization parameter data for the combined chroma coding is present.

Furthermore, for example, the flag may be signaled through a high level syntax. For example, the flag may be signaled through a sequence parameter set (SPS), a picture parameter set (PPS), a slice header, or an adaptation parameter set (APS).

Furthermore, for example, the image information may include the prediction information and/or the residual information for the current chroma block. For example, the image information may include prediction-related information for the current block. The prediction-related information may include prediction mode information. The prediction mode information may represent whether inter prediction or intra prediction is applied to the current block. Furthermore, for example, the residual information may include syntax elements for transform coefficients of the current chroma block. For example, the syntax elements may include syntax elements, such as coded_sub_block_flag, sig_coeff_flag, coeff_sign_flag, abs_level_gt1_flag, par_level_flag, abs_level_gtX_flag, abs_remainder and/or coeff_sign_flag.

The decoding apparatus obtains the quantization parameter data for the combined chroma coding based on the flag (S910). The decoding apparatus may obtain the quantization parameter data for the combined chroma coding based on the flag. For example, the decoding apparatus may obtain the quantization parameter data for the combined chroma coding based on the flag representing that the quantization parameter data for the combined chroma coding is present. That is, for example, when a value of the flag is 1, the decoding apparatus may obtain the quantization parameter data for the combined chroma coding. Furthermore, for example, the quantization parameter data may be signaled through a high level syntax. For example, the quantization parameter data may be signaled through a sequence parameter set (SPS), a picture parameter set (PPS), a slice header, or an adaptation parameter set (APS).

For example, the quantization parameter data may include a syntax element representing a starting index of a chroma quantization parameter table for the combined chroma coding and/or a syntax element representing a difference between the starting index and last index of the chroma quantization parameter table. The syntax element representing the starting index may be the aforementioned qPi_min_idx. Furthermore, the syntax element representing the difference between the starting index and the last index may be qPi_delta_max_idx. Furthermore, the chroma quantization parameter table may also be called a chroma quantization parameter mapping table or a user defined quantization parameter mapping table. Furthermore, the starting index may also be called a minimum index. Furthermore, for example, the syntax element representing the starting index and/or the syntax element representing the difference between the starting index and the last index may be signaled through a high level syntax. For example, the syntax element representing the starting index and/or the syntax element representing the difference between the starting index and the last index may be signaled through a sequence parameter set (SPS), a picture parameter set (PPS), a slice header, or an adaptation parameter set (APS).

Furthermore, for example, the quantization parameter data may include syntax elements for quantization parameter values of indices of the chroma quantization parameter table. That is, for example, the quantization parameter data may include a syntax element for a quantization parameter value of each of indices of the chroma quantization parameter table. The syntax element for the quantization parameter value of the index may be the aforementioned Qpc_qPi_val[i]. Furthermore, for example, the syntax element for the quantization parameter value of the index may be signaled through a high level syntax. For example, the syntax element for the quantization parameter value of the index may be signaled through a sequence parameter set (SPS), a picture parameter set (PPS), a slice header, or an adaptation parameter set (APS).

Furthermore, for example, the quantization parameter data may include a syntax element representing an offset for the derivation of a quantization parameter for the combined chroma coding. The syntax element representing the offset may be the aforementioned QpOffsetc. Furthermore, for example, the syntax element representing the offset may be signaled through a high level syntax. For example, the syntax element representing the offset may be signaled through a sequence parameter set (SPS), a picture parameter set (PPS), a slice header, or an adaptation parameter set (APS).

The decoding apparatus derives a chroma quantization parameter table based on the quantization parameter data (S920). The decoding apparatus may derive a chroma quantization parameter table for the combined chroma coding based on the quantization parameter data. The chroma quantization parameter table may be called a chroma quantization parameter mapping table or a user defined quantization parameter mapping table.

For example, as in the aforementioned contents, the chroma quantization parameter table may be derived based on the syntax element representing the starting index of the chroma quantization parameter table, the syntax element representing the difference between the starting index and last index of the chroma quantization parameter table and/or the syntax elements for the quantization parameter values of the indices of the chroma quantization parameter table. That is, for example, the chroma quantization parameter table for the combined chroma coding may be derived based on the quantization parameter data.

The decoding apparatus derives the quantization parameter for the combined chroma coding based on the chroma quantization parameter table (S930). The quantization parameter for the combined chroma coding may represent the aforementioned QP′_(CbCr).

For example, an index for the combined chroma coding may be derived based on a quantization parameter for a luma component. The quantization parameter for the combined chroma coding may be derived based on a quantization parameter for the index of the chroma quantization parameter table. That is, for example, the quantization parameter for the combined chroma coding may be derived based on the quantization parameter for the same index as the quantization parameter of the luma component in the chroma quantization parameter table.

Furthermore, for example, the quantization parameter (e.g., QP′_(CbCr)) for the combined chroma coding may be derived by adding an offset to the quantization parameter (e.g., QP_(CbCr)) for the index of the chroma quantization parameter table. The offset may be derived based on a syntax element representing an offset for the derivation of a quantization parameter for the combined chroma coding.

The decoding apparatus derives prediction samples of the current chroma block based on the prediction information (S940). The decoding apparatus may determine whether inter prediction or intra prediction is applied to the current chroma block based on the prediction information, and may perform prediction based on the prediction samples.

For example, the decoding apparatus may derive a prediction mode applied to the current chroma block based on the prediction information, and may derive prediction samples of the current chroma block based on the prediction mode. For example, if inter prediction is applied to the current block, the decoding apparatus may derive motion information of the current chroma block based on prediction-related information included in the image information, and may derive prediction samples of the current chroma block based on the motion information. Furthermore, for example, if intra prediction is applied to the current chroma block, the decoding apparatus may derive reference samples based on neighbor samples of the current chroma block, and may derive prediction samples of the current chroma block based on the reference samples and an intra prediction mode of the current chroma block. The reference samples may include top reference samples and left reference samples of the current chroma block. For example, when the size of the current chroma block is NxN, an x component of a top-left sample position of the current chroma block is 0 and a y component thereof is 0, the left reference samples may be p[-1][0] to p[-1][2N-1], and the top reference samples may be p[0][-1] to p[2N-1][-1].

The decoding apparatus derives transform coefficients of the current chroma block based on the residual information (S950). The decoding apparatus may derive the transform coefficients of the current chroma block based on the residual information. The residual information may include coefficient level information and sign flag information for the transform coefficients.

For example, an absolute level of the transform coefficients may be derived as a value indicated by coefficient level information included in the residual information. The sign of the transform coefficient may be derived as a sign indicated by the sign flag information.

The decoding apparatus derives residual samples by dequantizing the transform coefficients based on the quantization parameter (S960). The decoding apparatus may derive the residual samples based on the quantization parameter. For example, the decoding apparatus may derive the residual samples by dequantizing the transform coefficients based on the quantization parameter. Alternatively, for example, the decoding apparatus may derive inverse-transformed transform coefficients by inverse-transforming the transform coefficients, and may derive the residual samples by dequantizing the inverse-transformed transform coefficients based on the quantization parameter.

The decoding apparatus generates a reconstructed picture based on the prediction samples and the residual samples (S970). For example, the decoding apparatus may generate the reconstructed picture based on the prediction samples and the residual samples.

Meanwhile, for example, the decoding apparatus may generate reconstructed samples and the reconstructed picture through the addition of the prediction samples and the residual samples.

Thereafter, if necessary, in order to improve subjective/objective picture quality, an in-loop filtering procedure, such as deblocking filtering, an SAO and/or an ALF procedure, may be applied to the reconstructed samples as described above.

FIG. 10 schematically illustrates the decoding apparatus performing the image decoding method according to this document. The method disclosed in FIG. 9 may be performed by the decoding apparatus disclosed in FIG. 10 . Specifically, for example, the entropy decoder of the decoding apparatus of FIG. 10 may perform S900 to S910 in FIG. 9 . The residual processor of the decoding apparatus of FIG. 10 may perform S920 and S940 to S960 of FIG. 9 . The predictor of the decoding apparatus of FIG. 10 may perform S930 in FIG. 9 . The adder of the decoding apparatus of FIG. 10 may perform S970 in FIG. 9 .

According to the present disclosure, the chroma quantization parameter table for quantization parameter derivation can be determined based on a flag representing whether to transmit quantization parameter data for quantization parameter derivation for a chroma component. Coding efficiency can be improved by performing coding based on a quantization parameter according to characteristics of an image.

Furthermore, according to the present disclosure, a chroma quantization parameter table for a chroma component can be determined based on signaled chroma quantization data. Coding efficiency can be improved by performing coding based on a quantization parameter according to characteristics of an image.

In the above-described embodiment, the methods are described based on the flowchart having a series of steps or blocks. The present disclosure is not limited to the order of the above steps or blocks. Some steps or blocks may occur simultaneously or in a different order from other steps or blocks as described above. Further, those skilled in the art will understand that the steps shown in the above flowchart are not exclusive, that further steps may be included, or that one or more steps in the flowchart may be deleted without affecting the scope of the present disclosure.

The embodiments described in this specification may be performed by being implemented on a processor, a microprocessor, a controller or a chip. For example, the functional units shown in each drawing may be performed by being implemented on a computer, a processor, a microprocessor, a controller or a chip. In this case, information for implementation (e.g., information on instructions) or algorithm may be stored in a digital storage medium.

In addition, the decoding apparatus and the encoding apparatus to which the present disclosure is applied may be included in a multimedia broadcasting transmission/reception apparatus, a mobile communication terminal, a home cinema video apparatus, a digital cinema video apparatus, a surveillance camera, a video chatting apparatus, a real-time communication apparatus such as video communication, a mobile streaming apparatus, a storage medium, a camcorder, a VoD service providing apparatus, an Over the top (OTT) video apparatus, an Internet streaming service providing apparatus, a three-dimensional (3D) video apparatus, a teleconference video apparatus, a transportation user equipment (e.g., vehicle user equipment, an airplane user equipment, a ship user equipment, etc.) and a medical video apparatus and may be used to process video signals and data signals. For example, the Over the top (OTT) video apparatus may include a game console, a blue-ray player, an internet access TV, a home theater system, a smart phone, a tablet PC, a Digital Video Recorder (DVR), and the like.

Furthermore, the processing method to which the present disclosure is applied may be produced in the form of a program that is to be executed by a computer and may be stored in a computer-readable recording medium. Multimedia data having a data structure according to the present disclosure may also be stored in computer-readable recording media. The computer-readable recording media include all types of storage devices in which data readable by a computer system is stored. The computer-readable recording media may include a BD, a Universal Serial Bus (USB), ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, RAM, CD-ROM, a magnetic tape, a floppy disk, and an optical data storage device, for example. Furthermore, the computer-readable recording media includes media implemented in the form of carrier waves (e.g., transmission through the Internet). In addition, a bit stream generated by the encoding method may be stored in a computer-readable recording medium or may be transmitted over wired/wireless communication networks.

In addition, the embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented with a computer program product according to program codes, and the program codes may be performed in a computer by the embodiments of the present disclosure. The program codes may be stored on a carrier which is readable by a computer.

FIG. 11 illustrates a structural diagram of a contents streaming system to which the present disclosure is applied.

The content streaming system to which the embodiment(s) of the present disclosure is applied may largely include an encoding server, a streaming server, a web server, a media storage, a user device, and a multimedia input device.

The encoding server compresses content input from multimedia input devices such as a smartphone, a camera, a camcorder, etc. Into digital data to generate a bit stream and transmit the bit stream to the streaming server. As another example, when the multimedia input devices such as smartphones, cameras, camcorders, etc. directly generate a bit stream, the encoding server may be omitted.

The bit stream may be generated by an encoding method or a bit stream generating method to which the embodiment(s) of the present disclosure is applied, and the streaming server may temporarily store the bit stream in the process of transmitting or receiving the bit stream.

The streaming server transmits the multimedia data to the user device based on a user’s request through the web server, and the web server serves as a medium for informing the user of a service. When the user requests a desired service from the web server, the web server delivers it to a streaming server, and the streaming server transmits multimedia data to the user. In this case, the content streaming system may include a separate control server. In this case, the control server serves to control a command/response between devices in the content streaming system.

The streaming server may receive content from a media storage and/or an encoding server. For example, when the content is received from the encoding server, the content may be received in real time. In this case, in order to provide a smooth streaming service, the streaming server may store the bit stream for a predetermined time.

Examples of the user device may include a mobile phone, a smartphone, a laptop computer, a digital broadcasting terminal, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a portable multimedia player (PMP), navigation, a slate PC, tablet PCs, ultrabooks, wearable devices (e.g., Smartwatches, smart glasses, head mounted displays), digital TVs, desktops computer, digital signage, and the like. Each server in the content streaming system may be operated as a distributed server, in which case data received from each server may be distributed.

The claims described in the present disclosure may be combined in various ways. For example, the technical features of the method claims of the present disclosure may be combined to be implemented as an apparatus, and the technical features of the apparatus claims of the present disclosure may be combined to be implemented as a method. In addition, the technical features of the method claim of the present disclosure and the technical features of the apparatus claim may be combined to be implemented as an apparatus, and the technical features of the method claim of the present disclosure and the technical features of the apparatus claim may be combined to be implemented as a method. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An image decoding method, performed by a decoding apparatus, comprising: obtaining image information including prediction information and residual information for a current chroma block, and a flag representing whether quantization parameter data for combined chroma coding is present, based on a chroma type; obtaining the quantization parameter data for the combined chroma coding based on the flag; obtaining quantization parameter data for a chroma cb component and quantization parameter data for a chroma cr component; deriving a chroma quantization parameter mapping table for the combined chroma coding based on the quantization parameter data for the combined chroma coding; deriving a chroma quantization parameter mapping table for the chroma cb component and a chroma quantization parameter mapping table for the chroma cr component based on the quantization parameter data for the chroma cb component and the quantization parameter data for the chroma cr component; deriving a quantization parameter for the combined chroma coding based on the chroma quantization parameter mapping table for the combined chroma coding; deriving a quantization parameter for the chroma cb component and a quantization parameter for the chroma cr component based on the chroma quantization parameter mapping table for the chroma cb component and the chroma quantization parameter mapping table for the chroma cr component; deriving prediction samples of the current chroma block based on the prediction information; deriving transform coefficients of the current chroma block based on the residual information; deriving residual samples by dequantizing the transform coefficients based on a quantization parameter related to the current chroma block among the quantization parameter for the combined chroma coding, the quantization parameter for the chroma cb component and the quantization parameter for the chroma cr component; and generating a reconstructed picture based on the prediction samples and the residual samples, wherein the quantization parameter data for the combined chroma coding includes a syntax element for a starting quantization parameter of the chroma quantization parameter mapping table for the combined chroma coding and a syntax element for a number of quantization parameters in the chroma quantization parameter mapping table for the combined chroma coding, wherein the quantization parameter for the combined chroma coding is derived based on a quantization parameter corresponding to a quantization parameter of a luma component in the chroma quantization parameter mapping table for the combined chroma coding, wherein the flag is included in a Sequence Parameter Set (SPS), and wherein a parsing order of the syntax element for the starting quantization parameter of the chroma quantization parameter mapping table for the combined chroma coding is prior to a parsing order of the syntax element for the number of quantization parameters in the chroma quantization parameter mapping table for the combined chroma coding.
 2. An image encoding method, performed by an encoding apparatus, comprising: deriving prediction samples of a current chroma block based on inter prediction or intra prediction; deriving residual samples of the current chroma block based on the prediction samples; generating quantization parameter data for combined chroma coding of the residual samples based on a chroma type of the current chroma block; generating a flag representing whether the quantization parameter data for the combined chroma coding is present; generating quantization parameter data for a chroma cb component and quantization parameter data for a chroma cr component; and encoding image information including prediction information and residual information for the current chroma block, the quantization parameter data for the combined chroma coding, the quantization parameter data for the chroma cb component, the quantization parameter data for the chroma cr component and the flag, wherein the quantization parameter data for the combined chroma coding includes a syntax element for a starting quantization parameter of a chroma quantization parameter mapping table for the combined chroma coding and a syntax element for a number of quantization parameters in the chroma quantization parameter mapping table for the combined chroma coding, wherein a quantization parameter for the combined chroma coding is derived based on a quantization parameter corresponding to a quantization parameter of a luma component in the chroma quantization parameter mapping table for the combined chroma coding, and wherein the flag is included in a Sequence Parameter Set (SPS), and wherein a parsing order of the syntax element for the starting quantization parameter of the chroma quantization parameter mapping table for the combined chroma coding is prior to a parsing order of the syntax element for the number of quantization parameters in the chroma quantization parameter mapping table for the combined chroma coding.
 3. A transmission method of data for image, the method comprising: obtaining a bitstream, wherein the bitstream generated based on deriving prediction samples of a current chroma block based on inter prediction or intra prediction, deriving residual samples of the current chroma block based on the prediction samples, generating quantization parameter data for combined chroma coding of the residual samples based on a chroma type of the current chroma block, generating a flag representing whether the quantization parameter data for the combined chroma coding is present, generating quantization parameter data for a chroma cb component and quantization parameter data for a chroma cr component, encoding image information including prediction information and residual information for the current chroma block, the quantization parameter data for the combined chroma coding, the quantization parameter data for the chroma cb component, the quantization parameter data for the chroma cr component and the flag, and generating the bitstream including the image information; and transmitting the data comprising the bitstream, wherein the quantization parameter data for the combined chroma coding includes a syntax element for a starting quantization parameter of a chroma quantization parameter mapping table for the combined chroma coding and a syntax element for a number of quantization parameters in the chroma quantization parameter mapping table for the combined chroma coding, wherein a quantization parameter for the combined chroma coding is derived based on a quantization parameter corresponding to a quantization parameter of a luma component in the chroma quantization parameter mapping table for the combined chroma coding, wherein the flag is included in a Sequence Parameter Set (SPS), and wherein a parsing order of the syntax element for the starting quantization parameter of the chroma quantization parameter mapping table for the combined chroma coding is prior to a parsing order of the syntax element for the number of quantization parameters in the chroma quantization parameter mapping table for the combined chroma coding. 